The Brain
... o The cerebellum smooths muscle contractions, maintains muscle tone and posture, coordinates the motions of different joints with each other, coordinates eye and body movements, and serves in learning and storing motor skills The midbrain o Short section of the brainstem that connects the hindbrai ...
... o The cerebellum smooths muscle contractions, maintains muscle tone and posture, coordinates the motions of different joints with each other, coordinates eye and body movements, and serves in learning and storing motor skills The midbrain o Short section of the brainstem that connects the hindbrai ...
Study Guides/Part_4
... Brief contraction of the antagonist muscle Brief relaxation of the agonist muscle MLF damage: Internuclear ophthalmoplegia Weakness of adduction during conjugate horizontal eye movements but usually there are minor or no effects on convergence movements Convergence commands are sent directly to the ...
... Brief contraction of the antagonist muscle Brief relaxation of the agonist muscle MLF damage: Internuclear ophthalmoplegia Weakness of adduction during conjugate horizontal eye movements but usually there are minor or no effects on convergence movements Convergence commands are sent directly to the ...
Frontal Eye Fields - Psychological Sciences
... [8]. It is also crucial to note that the neural signals occurring in FEF coincide with identical signals occurring in a network of interconnected structures including the superior colliculus and posterior parietal cortex. In macaque monkeys trained to shift gaze to the oddball target in visual searc ...
... [8]. It is also crucial to note that the neural signals occurring in FEF coincide with identical signals occurring in a network of interconnected structures including the superior colliculus and posterior parietal cortex. In macaque monkeys trained to shift gaze to the oddball target in visual searc ...
phys chapter 51 [3-20
... Areas of max excitation occur along sharp borders of visual pattern; visual signal in primary visual cortex concerned mainly with contrasts in visual scene rather than with noncontrasting areas o Equally stimulated adjacent retinal receptors mutually inhibit one another o At any border in visual s ...
... Areas of max excitation occur along sharp borders of visual pattern; visual signal in primary visual cortex concerned mainly with contrasts in visual scene rather than with noncontrasting areas o Equally stimulated adjacent retinal receptors mutually inhibit one another o At any border in visual s ...
The Sensorimotor System
... patient’s ability to respond to stimuli on the side of the body contralateral to a brain lesion (not a simple sensory or motor deficit). Often associated with large lesions of the right posterior parietal lobe. ...
... patient’s ability to respond to stimuli on the side of the body contralateral to a brain lesion (not a simple sensory or motor deficit). Often associated with large lesions of the right posterior parietal lobe. ...
Visual Field Defects - Northwestern Medical Review
... Normally damage to the brain cortex causes contralateral deficits in the extremities. This is not, however, true of the visual system. Unilateral damage to the visual cortex is manifested by characteristic partial loss of vision in both eyes. Neither of the eyes is able to see the contralateral visu ...
... Normally damage to the brain cortex causes contralateral deficits in the extremities. This is not, however, true of the visual system. Unilateral damage to the visual cortex is manifested by characteristic partial loss of vision in both eyes. Neither of the eyes is able to see the contralateral visu ...
LISC-322 Neuroscience Cortical Organization Primary Visual Cortex
... laminae. Each layer comprises distinctive populations of cells based on their different sizes, shapes, inputs, and outputs. ...
... laminae. Each layer comprises distinctive populations of cells based on their different sizes, shapes, inputs, and outputs. ...
Anatomy of the Human Eye
... • The retina (axons of RGCs) projects to multiple areas. Each area is specialized for different functions. – Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)- in the thalamusreceives input from retina and sends it to visual cortex. Most important visual projection for perception. – Pretectum-located at midbrain-tha ...
... • The retina (axons of RGCs) projects to multiple areas. Each area is specialized for different functions. – Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)- in the thalamusreceives input from retina and sends it to visual cortex. Most important visual projection for perception. – Pretectum-located at midbrain-tha ...
DIENCEPHALON
... • Distributing most of afferent inputs to cerebral cortex • Control of electrocortical activity of cerebral cortex – plays important roles in arousal, consciousness and sleep mechanisms • Integration of motor functions by providing the relays – impulses from the basal ganglia and cerebellum can reac ...
... • Distributing most of afferent inputs to cerebral cortex • Control of electrocortical activity of cerebral cortex – plays important roles in arousal, consciousness and sleep mechanisms • Integration of motor functions by providing the relays – impulses from the basal ganglia and cerebellum can reac ...
On-center off surround ganglion cells
... motion, color differences, or binocular disparities. Orientation helps to detect edges and contours. Direction of motion is important to determine dangerous moves of an attacker. Color helps to differentiate and identify objects particularly in a camouflage environment. Binocular disparities between ...
... motion, color differences, or binocular disparities. Orientation helps to detect edges and contours. Direction of motion is important to determine dangerous moves of an attacker. Color helps to differentiate and identify objects particularly in a camouflage environment. Binocular disparities between ...
The Physiology of the Senses Lecture 6 Visually Guided Actions
... group of active cells indicates the relative location of a target in the visual field. This becomes a map for the required size of movements. If one electrically stimulates a group of cells in the superior colliculus or FEF at location A (Figure 6.9), the eye would orient towards A. Similarly, stimu ...
... group of active cells indicates the relative location of a target in the visual field. This becomes a map for the required size of movements. If one electrically stimulates a group of cells in the superior colliculus or FEF at location A (Figure 6.9), the eye would orient towards A. Similarly, stimu ...
Perception - Vision
... motion, color differences, or binocular disparities. Orientation helps to detect edges and contours. Direction of motion is important to determine dangerous moves of an attacker. Color helps to differentiate and identify objects particularly in a camouflage environment. Binocular disparities between ...
... motion, color differences, or binocular disparities. Orientation helps to detect edges and contours. Direction of motion is important to determine dangerous moves of an attacker. Color helps to differentiate and identify objects particularly in a camouflage environment. Binocular disparities between ...
Chapter 8
... a bundle of axons from the motor cortex to the fifth, seventh, ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth cranial nerves; controls movements of the face, neck, tongue, and parts of the extraocular eye muscles ...
... a bundle of axons from the motor cortex to the fifth, seventh, ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth cranial nerves; controls movements of the face, neck, tongue, and parts of the extraocular eye muscles ...
9.14 Lecture 16: Descending Pathways and Evolution Notes
... – Early controls: simple reflexive orienting for approach and escape • Visual: Early control of turning movements may have been via retinal inputs to subthalamus and from there to brainstem ...
... – Early controls: simple reflexive orienting for approach and escape • Visual: Early control of turning movements may have been via retinal inputs to subthalamus and from there to brainstem ...
LGN
... LGN, they do not talk to each other – they are still monocular. (Don’t get binocular cells until you reach cortex). ...
... LGN, they do not talk to each other – they are still monocular. (Don’t get binocular cells until you reach cortex). ...
The Neural Basis of Visually Guided Behavior
... vVhen the size and contrast are held con stant, behavioral activity increases with increasing angular velocity, reaching maximum at between ...
... vVhen the size and contrast are held con stant, behavioral activity increases with increasing angular velocity, reaching maximum at between ...
Synapse Elimination and Remodeling
... B) Ocular dominance distribution was altered dramatically in a kitten exposed to contralateral eye closure for 1 week from 23 to 29 days of age. C) Ocular dominance distribution was essentially normal in an adult cat exposed to contralateral eye closure for 26 months. From Hubel and Wiesel (1970). ...
... B) Ocular dominance distribution was altered dramatically in a kitten exposed to contralateral eye closure for 1 week from 23 to 29 days of age. C) Ocular dominance distribution was essentially normal in an adult cat exposed to contralateral eye closure for 26 months. From Hubel and Wiesel (1970). ...
P312Ch04B_Cortex
... Details of the representation The cortex is organized as Hypercolumns Hypercolumn: A 1 mm2 are of cortex receiving input from a small area on the retina. Stimulation of a small area of the retina leads to activity in the hypercolumn representing that area. It’s called a column because it is collect ...
... Details of the representation The cortex is organized as Hypercolumns Hypercolumn: A 1 mm2 are of cortex receiving input from a small area on the retina. Stimulation of a small area of the retina leads to activity in the hypercolumn representing that area. It’s called a column because it is collect ...
Neural correlates of decision processes
... elements of such circuits are not influenced by cognitive factors [36]. Thus, when approaching the final common pathway, neural activity is only involved in producing movements and has nothing to do with the context in which those movements are expressed. Second, a series of studies has investigated ...
... elements of such circuits are not influenced by cognitive factors [36]. Thus, when approaching the final common pathway, neural activity is only involved in producing movements and has nothing to do with the context in which those movements are expressed. Second, a series of studies has investigated ...
Saccade-related activity of periaqueductal gray matter of the
... The experiments were performed on three alert monkeys (macaca fascicularis). First, under general anesthesia EOG-electrodes were implanted bilaterally, and above and below the left orbit for recording eye movements in the horizontal and vertical planes, respectively. A stainless steel recording cham ...
... The experiments were performed on three alert monkeys (macaca fascicularis). First, under general anesthesia EOG-electrodes were implanted bilaterally, and above and below the left orbit for recording eye movements in the horizontal and vertical planes, respectively. A stainless steel recording cham ...
Target Selection
... innervate appropriate SCG neurons in such a way that the topographic map is conserved ...
... innervate appropriate SCG neurons in such a way that the topographic map is conserved ...
Superior colliculus
The superior colliculus, (Latin, upper hill) is a paired structure of the mammalian midbrain. In other vertebrates this is known as the optic tectum or simply tectum, and the adjective tectal may also be used. The superior colliculus forms a major component of the midbrain. The tectum is a layered structure, with a number of layers that varies by species. The superficial layers are sensory-related, and receive input from the eyes as well as other sensory systems. The deep layers are motor-related, capable of activating eye movements as well as other responses. There are also intermediate layers, with multi-sensory cells and motor properties.The general function of the tectal system is to direct behavioral responses toward specific points in egocentric (""body-centered"") space. Each layer of the tectum contains a topographic map of the surrounding world in retinotopic coordinates, and activation of neurons at a particular point in the map evokes a response directed toward the corresponding point in space. In primates, the superior colliculus has been studied mainly with respect to its role in directing eye movements. Visual input from the retina, or ""command"" input from the cerebral cortex, create a ""bump"" of activity in the tectal map, which, if strong enough, induces a saccadic eye movement. Even in primates, however, the tectum is also involved in generating spatially directed head turns, arm-reaching movements, and shifts in attention that do not involve any overt movements. In other species, the tectum is involved in a wide range of responses, including whole-body turns in walking rats, swimming fishes, or flying birds; tongue-strikes toward prey in frogs; fang-strikes in snakes; etc.In some vertebrates, including fish and birds, the tectum is one of the largest components of the brain. In mammals, and especially primates, the massive expansion of the cerebral cortex reduces the tectum (""superior colliculus"") to a much smaller fraction of the whole brain. It remains nonetheless important in terms of function as the primary integrating center for eye movements.Note on terminology: This article follows terminology established in the literature for the analogous structure in mammals/non-mammals (see above), using the term ""superior colliculus"" when discussing mammals and ""optic tectum"" when discussing either specific non-mammalian species or vertebrates in general.