Lateral Geniculate nucleus
... Primary Visual Cortex The primary visual cortex (V1) has a representation of the contralateral visual hemifield. The foveal region is mapped in its most posterior part, whereas the more peripheral regions are mapped in progressively more anterior parts. The upper visual field is mapped below the cal ...
... Primary Visual Cortex The primary visual cortex (V1) has a representation of the contralateral visual hemifield. The foveal region is mapped in its most posterior part, whereas the more peripheral regions are mapped in progressively more anterior parts. The upper visual field is mapped below the cal ...
... Degeneration of descending motor pathways from the cortex to the brainstem “Release” of some of complex motor behaviors such as laughing and crying Usually uncontrollable, not consistent with mood May laugh when angry, cry at sad things, etc Conceptually analogous to upper motor neuron hyperreflexia ...
Do superior colliculus projection zones in the inferior pulvinar
... Histology and anatomical analysis Twelve to 24 h after perfusion, the cortex and brainstem (including the thalamus) were cut into 40–50-µm sections on a freezing microtome. A block of flattened cortex containing the MT and other visual areas was cut parallel to the surface, and divided into three se ...
... Histology and anatomical analysis Twelve to 24 h after perfusion, the cortex and brainstem (including the thalamus) were cut into 40–50-µm sections on a freezing microtome. A block of flattened cortex containing the MT and other visual areas was cut parallel to the surface, and divided into three se ...
Cranial Nerves
... the orbit and contracts pupils. Be aware that both eyes should reflex to light entering into one eye, that is because each retina sends fibers to both sides and pretectal area projects fibers cross to the contralateral side of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. • Some retinal ganglion cells have axons en ...
... the orbit and contracts pupils. Be aware that both eyes should reflex to light entering into one eye, that is because each retina sends fibers to both sides and pretectal area projects fibers cross to the contralateral side of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. • Some retinal ganglion cells have axons en ...
Thalamic Activity that Drives Visual Cortical Plasticity
... • A: Crosscorrelogram for pairs of simultaneously recorded neurons, grey line represents unity – Points indicating correlation for lid closure show the opposite pattern from retinal inactivation ...
... • A: Crosscorrelogram for pairs of simultaneously recorded neurons, grey line represents unity – Points indicating correlation for lid closure show the opposite pattern from retinal inactivation ...
doc Chapter 8
... o The dorsal stream, which terminates in the posterior parietal love, is involved in the perception of location (where stream) o The parietal lobe also organizes visually guided movement (how stream) o Parietal lov e also receives information about spatial location from somatosensory, vestibular and ...
... o The dorsal stream, which terminates in the posterior parietal love, is involved in the perception of location (where stream) o The parietal lobe also organizes visually guided movement (how stream) o Parietal lov e also receives information about spatial location from somatosensory, vestibular and ...
Somatic regions Limbic These functionally distinct
... 5) At the base of the midbrain (ventral side) one finds a fiber bundle that shows great differences in relative size in different species. Give examples. What are the fibers called and where do they originate? 8) A decussating group of axons called the brachium conjunctivum also varies greatly in ...
... 5) At the base of the midbrain (ventral side) one finds a fiber bundle that shows great differences in relative size in different species. Give examples. What are the fibers called and where do they originate? 8) A decussating group of axons called the brachium conjunctivum also varies greatly in ...
Linking reward expectation to behavior in the basal ganglia
... To find the neural signals that might be responsible for generating these reward-related changes in response times, Lauwereyns and colleagues recorded activity in the caudate nucleus. As part of the basal ganglia, the caudate is thought to play a role in the control of movement and, in particular, a ...
... To find the neural signals that might be responsible for generating these reward-related changes in response times, Lauwereyns and colleagues recorded activity in the caudate nucleus. As part of the basal ganglia, the caudate is thought to play a role in the control of movement and, in particular, a ...
cerebellar projections to the superior colliculus in the cat1
... These findings demonstrate that not all of the cerebellar nuclei contribute in “almost” the same form to the Angaut and Bowsher, 1970). However, Edwards et al. cerebellocollicular projections, as was affirmed by Ed(1979), using HRP, attribute these projections to the wards et al. (1979), nor, at lea ...
... These findings demonstrate that not all of the cerebellar nuclei contribute in “almost” the same form to the Angaut and Bowsher, 1970). However, Edwards et al. cerebellocollicular projections, as was affirmed by Ed(1979), using HRP, attribute these projections to the wards et al. (1979), nor, at lea ...
Diseases of the Basal Ganglia
... along with their connected cortical and thalamic areas, are viewed as components of parallel circuits whose functional and morphological segregation is rather strictly maintained. Each circuit is thought to engage separate regions of the basal ganglia and thalamus, and the output of each appears to ...
... along with their connected cortical and thalamic areas, are viewed as components of parallel circuits whose functional and morphological segregation is rather strictly maintained. Each circuit is thought to engage separate regions of the basal ganglia and thalamus, and the output of each appears to ...
Mechanisms for generating and compensating for the
... gaze position, microsaccades can be understood by relating them to the larger voluntary saccades, which abruptly shift gaze position. Starting from this approach to microsaccade analysis, I show how it can lead to significant insight about the generation and functional role of these eye movements. L ...
... gaze position, microsaccades can be understood by relating them to the larger voluntary saccades, which abruptly shift gaze position. Starting from this approach to microsaccade analysis, I show how it can lead to significant insight about the generation and functional role of these eye movements. L ...
BRAINSTEM Comprised of 4 components: • Grey matter = cranial
... Originate in: Dorsal Raphe, Median Raphe (midbrain and pons) Ascending cholinergic projections - Cortical arousal, REM phase - Originate in: pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, parabrachial nucleus (rostral pons) - Project into intralaminar nuclei of thalamus Ascend ...
... Originate in: Dorsal Raphe, Median Raphe (midbrain and pons) Ascending cholinergic projections - Cortical arousal, REM phase - Originate in: pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, parabrachial nucleus (rostral pons) - Project into intralaminar nuclei of thalamus Ascend ...
The Optic Tectum in Fishes
... a bewildering variety of forms. In the various cyprinid and perciform species investigated, tectal cell receptive fields probed with flashed or moving spots of light vary greatly in size, ranging from roughly circular fields 2-5 degrees across to complex fields extending some 160 degrees. The latter ...
... a bewildering variety of forms. In the various cyprinid and perciform species investigated, tectal cell receptive fields probed with flashed or moving spots of light vary greatly in size, ranging from roughly circular fields 2-5 degrees across to complex fields extending some 160 degrees. The latter ...
Lateral prefrontal cortex
... signal from the prefrontal cortex would arrive to its targets in the posterior cortex at different times. • This synchronization mechanism poses a serious challenge that every human needs to solve during development: • These connections must be fine-tuned to become synchronous. ...
... signal from the prefrontal cortex would arrive to its targets in the posterior cortex at different times. • This synchronization mechanism poses a serious challenge that every human needs to solve during development: • These connections must be fine-tuned to become synchronous. ...
Laboratory 7: Medulla
... disequilibrium and vertigo, as well as problems with coordinating slow eye movements. 10. Superior Cerebellar Peduncle: The superior cerebellar peduncle is the major output path of the cerebellum. The middle cerebellar peduncle is so large because it contains fibers originating from the entire cereb ...
... disequilibrium and vertigo, as well as problems with coordinating slow eye movements. 10. Superior Cerebellar Peduncle: The superior cerebellar peduncle is the major output path of the cerebellum. The middle cerebellar peduncle is so large because it contains fibers originating from the entire cereb ...
Joint maps for orientation, eye, and direction preference in a self
... [11] S. Wimbauer, O. G. Wenisch, J. L. van Hemmen, and K. D. Miller, Development of spatiotemporal receptive fields of simple cells: II. Simulation and analysis, Biol. Cybernetics (1997), 77:463–477. [12] J. Wolfe and L. A. Palmer, Temporal diversity in the lateral geniculate nucleus of cat, Visual ...
... [11] S. Wimbauer, O. G. Wenisch, J. L. van Hemmen, and K. D. Miller, Development of spatiotemporal receptive fields of simple cells: II. Simulation and analysis, Biol. Cybernetics (1997), 77:463–477. [12] J. Wolfe and L. A. Palmer, Temporal diversity in the lateral geniculate nucleus of cat, Visual ...
Transcripts/2_25 2
... A block diagram of the major structures that project to the brain [S42] a. Eye movements involve quite a few different areas of the brain. Hence, they are susceptible to damage of those areas of the brain. b. Saccadic eye movements are no exception. c. The brainstem saccade generator is the pre-moto ...
... A block diagram of the major structures that project to the brain [S42] a. Eye movements involve quite a few different areas of the brain. Hence, they are susceptible to damage of those areas of the brain. b. Saccadic eye movements are no exception. c. The brainstem saccade generator is the pre-moto ...
The horizontal brain slice preparation: a novel approach for
... THE AMPHIBIAN OPTIC TECTUM, homologous to the mammalian superior colliculus, is a multisensory processing center that receives visual input from the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye as well as from nonoptic mechanosensory inputs originating from the somatosensory, lateral line, auditory, and ...
... THE AMPHIBIAN OPTIC TECTUM, homologous to the mammalian superior colliculus, is a multisensory processing center that receives visual input from the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye as well as from nonoptic mechanosensory inputs originating from the somatosensory, lateral line, auditory, and ...
PPRF lesions at the level of abducens
... are associated with ipsilateral gaze palsy and loss of reflex vestibular (and tonic neck) movements This presumes that there is a critical synapse within the caudal PPRF for the vestibulo-ocular pathways or that the functional integrity of the PPRF at that level is necessary for vestibulo-ocular eye ...
... are associated with ipsilateral gaze palsy and loss of reflex vestibular (and tonic neck) movements This presumes that there is a critical synapse within the caudal PPRF for the vestibulo-ocular pathways or that the functional integrity of the PPRF at that level is necessary for vestibulo-ocular eye ...
Horizontal Gaze Palsy
... are associated with ipsilateral gaze palsy and loss of reflex vestibular (and tonic neck) movements This presumes that there is a critical synapse within the caudal PPRF for the vestibulo-ocular pathways or that the functional integrity of the PPRF at that level is necessary for vestibulo-ocular eye ...
... are associated with ipsilateral gaze palsy and loss of reflex vestibular (and tonic neck) movements This presumes that there is a critical synapse within the caudal PPRF for the vestibulo-ocular pathways or that the functional integrity of the PPRF at that level is necessary for vestibulo-ocular eye ...
development brain section anatomy gross anatomy
... DO NOT adduct on viewing an object to the side ...
... DO NOT adduct on viewing an object to the side ...
Visual Responses of Pulvinar and Collicular Neurons During Eye
... and compared responses to stimulus movement during periods of fixation with those to motion caused by saccadic or pursuit eye movements. Neurons in the inferior pulvinar (PI), lateral pulvinar (PL), and superior colliculus were tested. 2. Cells in PI and PL respond to stimulus movement over a wide r ...
... and compared responses to stimulus movement during periods of fixation with those to motion caused by saccadic or pursuit eye movements. Neurons in the inferior pulvinar (PI), lateral pulvinar (PL), and superior colliculus were tested. 2. Cells in PI and PL respond to stimulus movement over a wide r ...
Graduate School Systems Neuroscience, MEDS 5371 2011 BASAL
... and striatum and receives projections from these sites, and also from the cerebral cortex (cortico-nigral fibers). There are connections between pars reticulate and pars compacta. Inputs to SN are from striatum (via globus pallidus) , thalamus, subthalamic nucleus, and cortex (SNr). Deep brain stimu ...
... and striatum and receives projections from these sites, and also from the cerebral cortex (cortico-nigral fibers). There are connections between pars reticulate and pars compacta. Inputs to SN are from striatum (via globus pallidus) , thalamus, subthalamic nucleus, and cortex (SNr). Deep brain stimu ...
Superior Colliculus and Visual Spatial Attention
... superficial, intermediate, and deep layers. The superficial layers receive direct projections from both retinal ganglion cells and striate cortex and contain neurons that exhibit a variety of responses to salient visual stimuli. Neurons in the intermediate and deep layers receive input from the extras ...
... superficial, intermediate, and deep layers. The superficial layers receive direct projections from both retinal ganglion cells and striate cortex and contain neurons that exhibit a variety of responses to salient visual stimuli. Neurons in the intermediate and deep layers receive input from the extras ...
The Physiology of the Senses
... what happens if saccades are not equal. 1. Normally saccades in the two eyes are equal (conjugate) and reasonably accurate (Figure 11.10.1). 2. Immediately after a paralysis that weakens the right eye’s medial rectus muscle, the leftward saccades in the right eye are too small. The patient is now st ...
... what happens if saccades are not equal. 1. Normally saccades in the two eyes are equal (conjugate) and reasonably accurate (Figure 11.10.1). 2. Immediately after a paralysis that weakens the right eye’s medial rectus muscle, the leftward saccades in the right eye are too small. The patient is now st ...
Superior colliculus
The superior colliculus, (Latin, upper hill) is a paired structure of the mammalian midbrain. In other vertebrates this is known as the optic tectum or simply tectum, and the adjective tectal may also be used. The superior colliculus forms a major component of the midbrain. The tectum is a layered structure, with a number of layers that varies by species. The superficial layers are sensory-related, and receive input from the eyes as well as other sensory systems. The deep layers are motor-related, capable of activating eye movements as well as other responses. There are also intermediate layers, with multi-sensory cells and motor properties.The general function of the tectal system is to direct behavioral responses toward specific points in egocentric (""body-centered"") space. Each layer of the tectum contains a topographic map of the surrounding world in retinotopic coordinates, and activation of neurons at a particular point in the map evokes a response directed toward the corresponding point in space. In primates, the superior colliculus has been studied mainly with respect to its role in directing eye movements. Visual input from the retina, or ""command"" input from the cerebral cortex, create a ""bump"" of activity in the tectal map, which, if strong enough, induces a saccadic eye movement. Even in primates, however, the tectum is also involved in generating spatially directed head turns, arm-reaching movements, and shifts in attention that do not involve any overt movements. In other species, the tectum is involved in a wide range of responses, including whole-body turns in walking rats, swimming fishes, or flying birds; tongue-strikes toward prey in frogs; fang-strikes in snakes; etc.In some vertebrates, including fish and birds, the tectum is one of the largest components of the brain. In mammals, and especially primates, the massive expansion of the cerebral cortex reduces the tectum (""superior colliculus"") to a much smaller fraction of the whole brain. It remains nonetheless important in terms of function as the primary integrating center for eye movements.Note on terminology: This article follows terminology established in the literature for the analogous structure in mammals/non-mammals (see above), using the term ""superior colliculus"" when discussing mammals and ""optic tectum"" when discussing either specific non-mammalian species or vertebrates in general.