Cortico–basal ganglia circuit mechanism for a decision threshold in
... known to be under the control of the basal ganglia, which have a critical role in voluntary motor behavior in general25–28. Neurons in substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), an output structure of the basal ganglia, send GABAergic projections to principal cells in the superior colliculus and exhibi ...
... known to be under the control of the basal ganglia, which have a critical role in voluntary motor behavior in general25–28. Neurons in substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), an output structure of the basal ganglia, send GABAergic projections to principal cells in the superior colliculus and exhibi ...
On the computational architecture of the neocortex
... and the apical dendrites of the pyramidals. The inhibitory interneurons occur in all layers except I, and themselves break up into a dozen types or so with differing geometry and distributions. In terms of layers of origin and termination, there seem to be three types of long distance cortex to cort ...
... and the apical dendrites of the pyramidals. The inhibitory interneurons occur in all layers except I, and themselves break up into a dozen types or so with differing geometry and distributions. In terms of layers of origin and termination, there seem to be three types of long distance cortex to cort ...
The Control of Voluntary Eye Movements: New Perspectives
... These multiple cortical areas influence eye motor control through several descending pathways. First, there are direct projections to eye-movement-related structures in the brain stem such as the superior colliculus (SC) and premotor nuclei in the reticular formation (PMN). These pathways, which hav ...
... These multiple cortical areas influence eye motor control through several descending pathways. First, there are direct projections to eye-movement-related structures in the brain stem such as the superior colliculus (SC) and premotor nuclei in the reticular formation (PMN). These pathways, which hav ...
Gaze effects in the cerebral cortex: reference frames for
... visuomotor cortical pathways, and the motor system is thought to receive target information in a body-centered reference frame. However, neurons along these pathways have a number of similar properties and receive common input signals, suggesting that a non-retinocentric representation of object loc ...
... visuomotor cortical pathways, and the motor system is thought to receive target information in a body-centered reference frame. However, neurons along these pathways have a number of similar properties and receive common input signals, suggesting that a non-retinocentric representation of object loc ...
Congenital blindness affects diencephalic but not mesencephalic
... of subcortical regions like the thalamus, the midbrain, and the rhombencephalon (Karlen and Krubitzer 2009; Desgent and Ptito 2012). Among these structures, the thalamus plays an important part in the sensory processing and integration, given its key position in establishing input– output connection ...
... of subcortical regions like the thalamus, the midbrain, and the rhombencephalon (Karlen and Krubitzer 2009; Desgent and Ptito 2012). Among these structures, the thalamus plays an important part in the sensory processing and integration, given its key position in establishing input– output connection ...
Residual eye-movements in macaque and their effects on visual
... standard deviation of distances moved. This also grows approximately as the square root of the sampling period (i.e. the standard deviation of eye-position grows in proportion to the average distance traveled), as would be expected from a random walk (Berg, 1983). There must be upper limits to the s ...
... standard deviation of distances moved. This also grows approximately as the square root of the sampling period (i.e. the standard deviation of eye-position grows in proportion to the average distance traveled), as would be expected from a random walk (Berg, 1983). There must be upper limits to the s ...
Full Article - CIHR Research Group in Sensory
... the contribution of top-down processing probably exceeds that of bottom-up processing. If the animal is faster to the uncued location (Invalid), bottom-up processing is probably dominating. While the monkeys performed this task, we recorded activity from visuallyresponsive neurons in the intermediat ...
... the contribution of top-down processing probably exceeds that of bottom-up processing. If the animal is faster to the uncued location (Invalid), bottom-up processing is probably dominating. While the monkeys performed this task, we recorded activity from visuallyresponsive neurons in the intermediat ...
motor systems
... the descending brainstem pathways, which- originate in many parts of the reticular formation, the vestibular nuclei and some midbrain areas. All movements are influenced by these pathways, which are also of special importance for the regulation of muscle tone and the maintenance of erect posture. Tw ...
... the descending brainstem pathways, which- originate in many parts of the reticular formation, the vestibular nuclei and some midbrain areas. All movements are influenced by these pathways, which are also of special importance for the regulation of muscle tone and the maintenance of erect posture. Tw ...
Saccade-Related Spread of Activity Across
... First, we assumed that neurons within the SC are uniformly distributed (same number of cells per square millimeter everywhere on the map), as was assumed in previous studies. Second, we assumed that connection strength was determined by the distance measured on either the SC map (the SC-symmetric ke ...
... First, we assumed that neurons within the SC are uniformly distributed (same number of cells per square millimeter everywhere on the map), as was assumed in previous studies. Second, we assumed that connection strength was determined by the distance measured on either the SC map (the SC-symmetric ke ...
Saccade-Related Spread of Activity Across Superior Colliculus May
... First, we assumed that neurons within the SC are uniformly distributed (same number of cells per square millimeter everywhere on the map), as was assumed in previous studies. Second, we assumed that connection strength was determined by the distance measured on either the SC map (the SC-symmetric ke ...
... First, we assumed that neurons within the SC are uniformly distributed (same number of cells per square millimeter everywhere on the map), as was assumed in previous studies. Second, we assumed that connection strength was determined by the distance measured on either the SC map (the SC-symmetric ke ...
Saccade-related spread of activity across superior colliculus may
... First, we assumed that neurons within the SC are uniformly distributed (same number of cells per square millimeter everywhere on the map), as was assumed in previous studies. Second, we assumed that connection strength was determined by the distance measured on either the SC map (the SC-symmetric ke ...
... First, we assumed that neurons within the SC are uniformly distributed (same number of cells per square millimeter everywhere on the map), as was assumed in previous studies. Second, we assumed that connection strength was determined by the distance measured on either the SC map (the SC-symmetric ke ...
Visual pathway class..
... -MT neurons have much larger receptive fields than V1, so they can integrate multiple cues in the image. MT neurons can detect global motion of the object. ...
... -MT neurons have much larger receptive fields than V1, so they can integrate multiple cues in the image. MT neurons can detect global motion of the object. ...
L9 - Internal structure of brain stem new
... to the motor cranial nerve nuclei and to anterior horn cells. FUNCTION: Involved in the coordination of movement. ...
... to the motor cranial nerve nuclei and to anterior horn cells. FUNCTION: Involved in the coordination of movement. ...
Brainstem Nuclei and Tracts
... • Afferent fibers to the superior colliculus are coming from occipital lobe. Corticotectal fibers come from visual cortex of occipital lobe and an area in front lobe, called frontal eye field, make up the most of superior brachium ipsilaterally. • Efferent fibers from superior colliculus are then di ...
... • Afferent fibers to the superior colliculus are coming from occipital lobe. Corticotectal fibers come from visual cortex of occipital lobe and an area in front lobe, called frontal eye field, make up the most of superior brachium ipsilaterally. • Efferent fibers from superior colliculus are then di ...
laboratory manual - Neuroanatomy - University of Illinois at Chicago
... Infundibulum (hypothalamic connections to pituitary) Lamina terminalis (rostral limit of neural tube) Epithalamus including Pineal gland (nocturnal secretion, melatonin) Posterior commissure Stria medullaris thalami Habenula Mesencephalon Tectum (= corpora quadrigemina) Superior colliculi (visual re ...
... Infundibulum (hypothalamic connections to pituitary) Lamina terminalis (rostral limit of neural tube) Epithalamus including Pineal gland (nocturnal secretion, melatonin) Posterior commissure Stria medullaris thalami Habenula Mesencephalon Tectum (= corpora quadrigemina) Superior colliculi (visual re ...
Motor disorders
... behavior via interactions with other brain structures. Different cerebellar regions play an integral role in the control of various behaviors including voluntary limb movements, eye movements, balance, locomotion, and now even higher brain (cognitive) functions. This view is based on the anatomy of ...
... behavior via interactions with other brain structures. Different cerebellar regions play an integral role in the control of various behaviors including voluntary limb movements, eye movements, balance, locomotion, and now even higher brain (cognitive) functions. This view is based on the anatomy of ...
THE TELL-TALE BRAIN:
... phantom cramp and associated pain. In clinical trials, mirror visual feedback has also been shown to be more effective than conventional treatments for chronic regional pain syndrome and paralysis resulting from stroke. ...
... phantom cramp and associated pain. In clinical trials, mirror visual feedback has also been shown to be more effective than conventional treatments for chronic regional pain syndrome and paralysis resulting from stroke. ...
VIEW PDF - Glaucoma Today
... cells, and they project into cytochrome oxidase-rich blobs in the visual cortex that are involved in processing blue/yellow chromatic information.2,3,16 Although not readily identifiable in Nissl-stained sections (Figure 1A), it is known that the koniocellular neurons in the lateral geniculate nucle ...
... cells, and they project into cytochrome oxidase-rich blobs in the visual cortex that are involved in processing blue/yellow chromatic information.2,3,16 Although not readily identifiable in Nissl-stained sections (Figure 1A), it is known that the koniocellular neurons in the lateral geniculate nucle ...
Development of the Nervous System
... several types of principal cells to contribute to the peripheral nervous system. For example, sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia and cranial ganglia, postganglionic autonomic neurons, Schwann cells of the PNS, and nonneuronal derivatives such as melanocytes. Above is a cross section through ...
... several types of principal cells to contribute to the peripheral nervous system. For example, sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia and cranial ganglia, postganglionic autonomic neurons, Schwann cells of the PNS, and nonneuronal derivatives such as melanocytes. Above is a cross section through ...
Efferent connections of the parabigeminal nucleus to the amygdala
... Pbg neurons in the cat have a broader distribution (Graybiel, 1978; Roldan et al., 1983). The crossed connections are supplied by two neuronal types. Some cells project either to the Am or to the SC, and there are also neurons that simultaneously reciprocate the input from the SC, and project to the ...
... Pbg neurons in the cat have a broader distribution (Graybiel, 1978; Roldan et al., 1983). The crossed connections are supplied by two neuronal types. Some cells project either to the Am or to the SC, and there are also neurons that simultaneously reciprocate the input from the SC, and project to the ...
INTERNAL CAPSULE
... The axons of the motor neurons divide into: • a- descending branch : ventral and lateral reticulospinal tracts : spinal cord • b- ascending branch : reticular activating system (RAS) to cerebral cortex ...
... The axons of the motor neurons divide into: • a- descending branch : ventral and lateral reticulospinal tracts : spinal cord • b- ascending branch : reticular activating system (RAS) to cerebral cortex ...
Rules relating connections to cortical structure in primate prefrontal cortex H. Barbas
... architecture, and can be applied to the sensory and motor cortical systems as well, because their structure also varies systematically in primates (for review see [16]). Within the conceptual framework of the structural model, feedforward projections in sensory areas always originate in areas with h ...
... architecture, and can be applied to the sensory and motor cortical systems as well, because their structure also varies systematically in primates (for review see [16]). Within the conceptual framework of the structural model, feedforward projections in sensory areas always originate in areas with h ...
Neuronal activity in dorsomedial frontal cortex and prefrontal cortex
... otherwise the trial was aborted. If fixation was maintained, a stimulus appeared at either the central fixation point or one of eight potential saccade targets 10° from center (Fig. 1B) for 0.12–0.20 s. There were eight stimuli, each measuring ~2.5° (Fig. 1A) and composed of two elements of various ...
... otherwise the trial was aborted. If fixation was maintained, a stimulus appeared at either the central fixation point or one of eight potential saccade targets 10° from center (Fig. 1B) for 0.12–0.20 s. There were eight stimuli, each measuring ~2.5° (Fig. 1A) and composed of two elements of various ...
Eye movement control by the cerebral cortex
... Charles Pierrot-Deseillignya, Dan Mileab and René M. Müric Purpose of review This review focuses on eye movement control by the cerebral cortex, mainly in humans. Data have emerged based on the important contribution of recent techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional mag ...
... Charles Pierrot-Deseillignya, Dan Mileab and René M. Müric Purpose of review This review focuses on eye movement control by the cerebral cortex, mainly in humans. Data have emerged based on the important contribution of recent techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional mag ...
The Red Nucleus: Past, Present, and Future
... locomotion in the air or on the ground [1]. Locomotion using limbs led to a dedicated descending pathway by which the central nervous system (CNS) could initiate movement. Examination of the red nucleus’ role in limb movement requires an understanding of the structure’s cytoarchitecture. The structu ...
... locomotion in the air or on the ground [1]. Locomotion using limbs led to a dedicated descending pathway by which the central nervous system (CNS) could initiate movement. Examination of the red nucleus’ role in limb movement requires an understanding of the structure’s cytoarchitecture. The structu ...
Superior colliculus
The superior colliculus, (Latin, upper hill) is a paired structure of the mammalian midbrain. In other vertebrates this is known as the optic tectum or simply tectum, and the adjective tectal may also be used. The superior colliculus forms a major component of the midbrain. The tectum is a layered structure, with a number of layers that varies by species. The superficial layers are sensory-related, and receive input from the eyes as well as other sensory systems. The deep layers are motor-related, capable of activating eye movements as well as other responses. There are also intermediate layers, with multi-sensory cells and motor properties.The general function of the tectal system is to direct behavioral responses toward specific points in egocentric (""body-centered"") space. Each layer of the tectum contains a topographic map of the surrounding world in retinotopic coordinates, and activation of neurons at a particular point in the map evokes a response directed toward the corresponding point in space. In primates, the superior colliculus has been studied mainly with respect to its role in directing eye movements. Visual input from the retina, or ""command"" input from the cerebral cortex, create a ""bump"" of activity in the tectal map, which, if strong enough, induces a saccadic eye movement. Even in primates, however, the tectum is also involved in generating spatially directed head turns, arm-reaching movements, and shifts in attention that do not involve any overt movements. In other species, the tectum is involved in a wide range of responses, including whole-body turns in walking rats, swimming fishes, or flying birds; tongue-strikes toward prey in frogs; fang-strikes in snakes; etc.In some vertebrates, including fish and birds, the tectum is one of the largest components of the brain. In mammals, and especially primates, the massive expansion of the cerebral cortex reduces the tectum (""superior colliculus"") to a much smaller fraction of the whole brain. It remains nonetheless important in terms of function as the primary integrating center for eye movements.Note on terminology: This article follows terminology established in the literature for the analogous structure in mammals/non-mammals (see above), using the term ""superior colliculus"" when discussing mammals and ""optic tectum"" when discussing either specific non-mammalian species or vertebrates in general.