Vision`s First Steps: Anatomy, Physiology, and Perception in the
... rods and cones. Cones are not sensitive to dim light, but under photopic conditions (bright light) they are responsible for fine detail and color vision. Rods are responsible for our vision under scotopic conditions (dim light), and saturate when the level of light is high. Rods and cones are distri ...
... rods and cones. Cones are not sensitive to dim light, but under photopic conditions (bright light) they are responsible for fine detail and color vision. Rods are responsible for our vision under scotopic conditions (dim light), and saturate when the level of light is high. Rods and cones are distri ...
Generation of Rapid Eye Movements during Paradoxical Sleep in
... the ponto-mesencephalic reticular formation and closely relates to the occurrence of the so-called pontogeniculo-occipital (PGO) waves (Mouret et al., 1963). PGO waves are prominent phasic bioelectrical potentials which occur in isolation or in bursts during the transition from slow wave sleep (SWS) ...
... the ponto-mesencephalic reticular formation and closely relates to the occurrence of the so-called pontogeniculo-occipital (PGO) waves (Mouret et al., 1963). PGO waves are prominent phasic bioelectrical potentials which occur in isolation or in bursts during the transition from slow wave sleep (SWS) ...
Microconnectomics of the Pretectum and Ventral Thalamus in the
... folia VIc–IXc in the cerebellum, which are related to visual and oculomotor responses (Freedman et al., 1975; Clarke, 1977). Nonretinal afferents to the GLv arise from the visual Wulst, TeO, GT, and VLT (Karten et al., 1973; Crossland and Uchwat, 1979; Vega-Zuniga et al., 2014). Although the role of ...
... folia VIc–IXc in the cerebellum, which are related to visual and oculomotor responses (Freedman et al., 1975; Clarke, 1977). Nonretinal afferents to the GLv arise from the visual Wulst, TeO, GT, and VLT (Karten et al., 1973; Crossland and Uchwat, 1979; Vega-Zuniga et al., 2014). Although the role of ...
The functional organization of the intraparietal sulcus in humans and
... than in the monkey, the IPS constitutes an anatomically constant sulcus in the human brain (Fig. 2). Owing to its complex folding and branching pattern (Fig. 2A) it is sometimes difficult to localize the main course of the human IPS, especially when the sulcus is split into several anatomical segmen ...
... than in the monkey, the IPS constitutes an anatomically constant sulcus in the human brain (Fig. 2). Owing to its complex folding and branching pattern (Fig. 2A) it is sometimes difficult to localize the main course of the human IPS, especially when the sulcus is split into several anatomical segmen ...
decision-making in the primate brain
... first stage of the experiment, a subject learns that stimulus A is paired with a reward while stimulus B is not. Once this is learned, the same stimuli are subsequently paired with two novel stimuli (X and Y), and, in this second stage of the experiment, the joint stimuli AX and BY are both paired wi ...
... first stage of the experiment, a subject learns that stimulus A is paired with a reward while stimulus B is not. Once this is learned, the same stimuli are subsequently paired with two novel stimuli (X and Y), and, in this second stage of the experiment, the joint stimuli AX and BY are both paired wi ...
Vertebrate brains and evolutionary connectomics: on the origins of
... the absence of modal-specific thalamic nuclei and cortical regions? Structures within the forebrain, such as the specific sensory relay nuclei of the thalamus and the ‘neocortex’ of the telencephalon, were largely considered unique to mammalian brains. The telencephalae of non-mammalia were consider ...
... the absence of modal-specific thalamic nuclei and cortical regions? Structures within the forebrain, such as the specific sensory relay nuclei of the thalamus and the ‘neocortex’ of the telencephalon, were largely considered unique to mammalian brains. The telencephalae of non-mammalia were consider ...
the koniocellular pathway in primate vision
... I of V1, and the ventral-most pair appears closely tied to the function of the superior colliculus. Throughout each K layer are neurons that innervate extrastriate cortex and that are likely to sustain some visual behaviors in the absence of V1. These data show that several pathways exist from retin ...
... I of V1, and the ventral-most pair appears closely tied to the function of the superior colliculus. Throughout each K layer are neurons that innervate extrastriate cortex and that are likely to sustain some visual behaviors in the absence of V1. These data show that several pathways exist from retin ...
Visual and Oculomotor Functions of Monkey Subthalamic Nucleus
... task)]. In the delayed saccade task, this spot was also turned on briefly as mine hydrochloride. Eye movementswere recordedwith the use the cue of a future target while the monkey was fixating. The depression at of the magneticsearch-coiltechnique ( Robinson 1963) . The behavioraltasksaswell asstora ...
... task)]. In the delayed saccade task, this spot was also turned on briefly as mine hydrochloride. Eye movementswere recordedwith the use the cue of a future target while the monkey was fixating. The depression at of the magneticsearch-coiltechnique ( Robinson 1963) . The behavioraltasksaswell asstora ...
The Impact of Prior Experience With Cross-Modal
... Multisensory integration (MI) is the process by which information from multiple sensory modalities converge on single neurons. This process allows an organism to make better use of the large amount of sensory information it receives. When a rat orients toward a crossmodal light and sound stimulus, n ...
... Multisensory integration (MI) is the process by which information from multiple sensory modalities converge on single neurons. This process allows an organism to make better use of the large amount of sensory information it receives. When a rat orients toward a crossmodal light and sound stimulus, n ...
Connection Patterns Distinguish 3 Regions of Human Parietal Cortex
... is difficult and ‘‘jumping’’ occurs between the adjacent white matter fiber tracts. Using a simple termination zone, such as the one used here, is desirable because of its simplicity, but it might not be appropriate if the superior collicular connections with frontal areas were to be examined. As can ...
... is difficult and ‘‘jumping’’ occurs between the adjacent white matter fiber tracts. Using a simple termination zone, such as the one used here, is desirable because of its simplicity, but it might not be appropriate if the superior collicular connections with frontal areas were to be examined. As can ...
Intention, Action Planning, and Decision Making in Parietal
... review, we will refer to the hand and eye preference for movement planning as effector specificity, and this term is meant to indicate relative, not absolute, specificity. For example, an area may be active for planning a reach or a saccade, but if it is significantly more active for one plan over t ...
... review, we will refer to the hand and eye preference for movement planning as effector specificity, and this term is meant to indicate relative, not absolute, specificity. For example, an area may be active for planning a reach or a saccade, but if it is significantly more active for one plan over t ...
Spatiotemporal Properties of Eye Position Signals
... Horizontal and vertical eye position signals were directly obtained from the eye coil electronics (Enzanshi Kogyo, MEL-25). Data were digitized at 1 kHz, and were stored in appropriate files during the experiments for further off-line analysis that was performed using Matlab (Mathworks). For each neu ...
... Horizontal and vertical eye position signals were directly obtained from the eye coil electronics (Enzanshi Kogyo, MEL-25). Data were digitized at 1 kHz, and were stored in appropriate files during the experiments for further off-line analysis that was performed using Matlab (Mathworks). For each neu ...
Neuron
... 2001) and lateral intraparietal areas in macaques (Andersen et al., 1997; Colby and Goldberg, 1999), but functional correspondences among them also remain elusive. These diversities emphasize the importance of direct comparison of the functional architecture of the frontal and parietal eye fields be ...
... 2001) and lateral intraparietal areas in macaques (Andersen et al., 1997; Colby and Goldberg, 1999), but functional correspondences among them also remain elusive. These diversities emphasize the importance of direct comparison of the functional architecture of the frontal and parietal eye fields be ...
On the computational architecture of the neocortex
... afferent and efferent axons, but it is shaped roughly like a pair of small eggs, side by side (see Fig. 2). 3 It is composed of a set of something like fifty nuclei (not all dearly marked). Each part of the cortex is reciprocally connected in a dense, continuous fashion with some nucleus in the thal ...
... afferent and efferent axons, but it is shaped roughly like a pair of small eggs, side by side (see Fig. 2). 3 It is composed of a set of something like fifty nuclei (not all dearly marked). Each part of the cortex is reciprocally connected in a dense, continuous fashion with some nucleus in the thal ...
On the computational architecture of the neocortex
... afferent and efferent axons, but it is shaped roughly like a pair of small eggs, side by side (see Fig. 2). 3 It is composed of a set of something like fifty nuclei (not all dearly marked). Each part of the cortex is reciprocally connected in a dense, continuous fashion with some nucleus in the thal ...
... afferent and efferent axons, but it is shaped roughly like a pair of small eggs, side by side (see Fig. 2). 3 It is composed of a set of something like fifty nuclei (not all dearly marked). Each part of the cortex is reciprocally connected in a dense, continuous fashion with some nucleus in the thal ...
Linear visuomotor transformations in midbrain superior colliculus
... Accepted 2 April 2011 It is well established that a localized population of neurons in the motor map of the midbrain superior colliculus (SC) drives a saccadic eye-head gaze shift. However, there is controversy as to how the brainstem saccade burst generators decode the SC activity. We focus on eyem ...
... Accepted 2 April 2011 It is well established that a localized population of neurons in the motor map of the midbrain superior colliculus (SC) drives a saccadic eye-head gaze shift. However, there is controversy as to how the brainstem saccade burst generators decode the SC activity. We focus on eyem ...
Reflections on agranular architecture: predictive coding in the motor
... connections (green) and descending connections (red, violet, and blue), originating from a certain level (i) in a hierarchical chain. The basic laminar patterns distinguishing ascending and descending connections were originally established by studies of primate visual cortex [5,97,98]. Systematic v ...
... connections (green) and descending connections (red, violet, and blue), originating from a certain level (i) in a hierarchical chain. The basic laminar patterns distinguishing ascending and descending connections were originally established by studies of primate visual cortex [5,97,98]. Systematic v ...
Chapter 29 - krigolson teaching
... Neurons in the lateral intraparietal area collectively represent the entire visual hemifield, but the neurons active at any one moment represent only the important or salient objects in the hemifield. That is, a few salient objects—such as the goal of an eye movement or a recent flash—evoke response ...
... Neurons in the lateral intraparietal area collectively represent the entire visual hemifield, but the neurons active at any one moment represent only the important or salient objects in the hemifield. That is, a few salient objects—such as the goal of an eye movement or a recent flash—evoke response ...
Document
... Anterior cingulate cortex is important in monitoring action for new challenges. We recorded neuron activity in the anterior cingulate sulcus of macaques while they performed a sequential problem-solving task. By trial and error, animals determined the correct sequence for touching three fixed spatia ...
... Anterior cingulate cortex is important in monitoring action for new challenges. We recorded neuron activity in the anterior cingulate sulcus of macaques while they performed a sequential problem-solving task. By trial and error, animals determined the correct sequence for touching three fixed spatia ...
Segregation and convergence of specialised pathways in
... At the level of cortical area V2, the various visual inputs to the cortex have reorganised to form 3 distinct channels. Anatomically these are embodied in the thick and thin dark stripes, and paler interstripes characteristic of cytochrome oxidase architecture. Do the outputs of these compartments r ...
... At the level of cortical area V2, the various visual inputs to the cortex have reorganised to form 3 distinct channels. Anatomically these are embodied in the thick and thin dark stripes, and paler interstripes characteristic of cytochrome oxidase architecture. Do the outputs of these compartments r ...
Different Stimuli, Different Spatial Codes: A Visual Map and an
... expanse of space (Figure 1A). When tested with stimuli limited to the oculomotor or visual ranges - the ranges of space relevant for the rostral, eye movement-related, superior colliculus - the signature feature that best characterizes maps is that such receptive fields would appear circumscribed. T ...
... expanse of space (Figure 1A). When tested with stimuli limited to the oculomotor or visual ranges - the ranges of space relevant for the rostral, eye movement-related, superior colliculus - the signature feature that best characterizes maps is that such receptive fields would appear circumscribed. T ...
The Influence of Target Properties and the Possible
... grooves in the pattern outline four functional areas called frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe and the occipital lobe. The occipital lobe, which contains most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex, is almost entirely devoted to vision. This might not be surprising since vision provid ...
... grooves in the pattern outline four functional areas called frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe and the occipital lobe. The occipital lobe, which contains most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex, is almost entirely devoted to vision. This might not be surprising since vision provid ...
Pioneers of cortical plasticity: six classic papers by Wiesel and Hubel
... competition from the nondeprived eye in a small region of cortex and experimentally support the hypothesis that the atrophy in the LGN arose from competition between the eye-specific inputs in the cortex. On the basis of long-term dark rearing from birth in a variety of mammals, a number of early in ...
... competition from the nondeprived eye in a small region of cortex and experimentally support the hypothesis that the atrophy in the LGN arose from competition between the eye-specific inputs in the cortex. On the basis of long-term dark rearing from birth in a variety of mammals, a number of early in ...
Sten Grillner
... thus demonstrated that the two basic modes of coordination could be generated by the spinal cord devoid of any influences from the brain. When the detailed motor pattern was recorded, in terms of electromyography (EMG) of the different limb muscles, the pattern was virtually identical to that of the ...
... thus demonstrated that the two basic modes of coordination could be generated by the spinal cord devoid of any influences from the brain. When the detailed motor pattern was recorded, in terms of electromyography (EMG) of the different limb muscles, the pattern was virtually identical to that of the ...
The Value of the Examination of Visuooculomotor Reflexes in
... disturbances both in vermis and cerebellar cortex and brainstem damages seems to suggest evidence of the same pathways for these reflexes. Sensory and motor visual neurons are engaged in a process of creating these eye movements, but they are strongly influenced by voluntary reflexes dependent on al ...
... disturbances both in vermis and cerebellar cortex and brainstem damages seems to suggest evidence of the same pathways for these reflexes. Sensory and motor visual neurons are engaged in a process of creating these eye movements, but they are strongly influenced by voluntary reflexes dependent on al ...
Superior colliculus
The superior colliculus, (Latin, upper hill) is a paired structure of the mammalian midbrain. In other vertebrates this is known as the optic tectum or simply tectum, and the adjective tectal may also be used. The superior colliculus forms a major component of the midbrain. The tectum is a layered structure, with a number of layers that varies by species. The superficial layers are sensory-related, and receive input from the eyes as well as other sensory systems. The deep layers are motor-related, capable of activating eye movements as well as other responses. There are also intermediate layers, with multi-sensory cells and motor properties.The general function of the tectal system is to direct behavioral responses toward specific points in egocentric (""body-centered"") space. Each layer of the tectum contains a topographic map of the surrounding world in retinotopic coordinates, and activation of neurons at a particular point in the map evokes a response directed toward the corresponding point in space. In primates, the superior colliculus has been studied mainly with respect to its role in directing eye movements. Visual input from the retina, or ""command"" input from the cerebral cortex, create a ""bump"" of activity in the tectal map, which, if strong enough, induces a saccadic eye movement. Even in primates, however, the tectum is also involved in generating spatially directed head turns, arm-reaching movements, and shifts in attention that do not involve any overt movements. In other species, the tectum is involved in a wide range of responses, including whole-body turns in walking rats, swimming fishes, or flying birds; tongue-strikes toward prey in frogs; fang-strikes in snakes; etc.In some vertebrates, including fish and birds, the tectum is one of the largest components of the brain. In mammals, and especially primates, the massive expansion of the cerebral cortex reduces the tectum (""superior colliculus"") to a much smaller fraction of the whole brain. It remains nonetheless important in terms of function as the primary integrating center for eye movements.Note on terminology: This article follows terminology established in the literature for the analogous structure in mammals/non-mammals (see above), using the term ""superior colliculus"" when discussing mammals and ""optic tectum"" when discussing either specific non-mammalian species or vertebrates in general.