M555 Medical Neuroscience
... motor cortex/corticospinal tract plus other sites cerebral cortex white matter of cerebral hemisphere - cortical connections - ...
... motor cortex/corticospinal tract plus other sites cerebral cortex white matter of cerebral hemisphere - cortical connections - ...
The Brainstem
... • Reticular activating system (RAS) - critical for maintaining consciousness • Substantia nigra - dopamine containing neurons that are part of the basal ganglia (motor), die in Parkinson’s disease • Red nucleus – arm flexion, damage results in a decerebrate posture which is a poor clinical sign • Ce ...
... • Reticular activating system (RAS) - critical for maintaining consciousness • Substantia nigra - dopamine containing neurons that are part of the basal ganglia (motor), die in Parkinson’s disease • Red nucleus – arm flexion, damage results in a decerebrate posture which is a poor clinical sign • Ce ...
What are the physical and perceptual dimensions of light
... • There are two types of receptors in the human retina: cones and rods. • Cones allow for high visual acuity because a single ganglion cell receives input from only one or a few cones (low convergence). • Rods allow for high sensitivity to illumination because a single ganglion cell receives input ...
... • There are two types of receptors in the human retina: cones and rods. • Cones allow for high visual acuity because a single ganglion cell receives input from only one or a few cones (low convergence). • Rods allow for high sensitivity to illumination because a single ganglion cell receives input ...
Tract Origin Crossing Synapse Ends Purpose Motor Descending
... cranial nuclei – sensory & motor pathways carry information from multiple nuclei, but are spatially segregated (motor is medial & sensory is lateral) inferior olive – inputs: contralateral SCT & CST + ipsilateral M1 & red nucleus output: contralateral cerebellum midbrain: tectum: superior colliculus ...
... cranial nuclei – sensory & motor pathways carry information from multiple nuclei, but are spatially segregated (motor is medial & sensory is lateral) inferior olive – inputs: contralateral SCT & CST + ipsilateral M1 & red nucleus output: contralateral cerebellum midbrain: tectum: superior colliculus ...
Commentary: Saccadic eye movements
... the control of visual fixation and saccadic eye movements. The superficial layers of the SC contain neurons that receive direct retinal inputs as well as inputs from other visual areas (Robinson and McClurkin, 1989). These visual neurons are organized into a visual map of the contralateral visual he ...
... the control of visual fixation and saccadic eye movements. The superficial layers of the SC contain neurons that receive direct retinal inputs as well as inputs from other visual areas (Robinson and McClurkin, 1989). These visual neurons are organized into a visual map of the contralateral visual he ...
L7- Brainstem Studen..
... • (3) It has centers for Brainstem Reflexes , such as cough reflex , gag reflex , swallowing , and vomiting ; + visual & auditory orientation reflexes (required for head movements. through Superior & Inferior Colliculi ) • (4) Contributes to maintenance of body balance through the vestibular nucle ...
... • (3) It has centers for Brainstem Reflexes , such as cough reflex , gag reflex , swallowing , and vomiting ; + visual & auditory orientation reflexes (required for head movements. through Superior & Inferior Colliculi ) • (4) Contributes to maintenance of body balance through the vestibular nucle ...
Background Presentation
... Visual Attention • Attention is the ability to select objects of interest from the surrounding environment • A reliable measure of attention is eye movement during object (target) selection • Early studies show that there are specific brain regions that are involved in the process of target selecti ...
... Visual Attention • Attention is the ability to select objects of interest from the surrounding environment • A reliable measure of attention is eye movement during object (target) selection • Early studies show that there are specific brain regions that are involved in the process of target selecti ...
Brainstem 10
... likely is its center Formed of some of the ascending fibers of the reticular formation. They activate the cerebral cortex through the thalamus. ...
... likely is its center Formed of some of the ascending fibers of the reticular formation. They activate the cerebral cortex through the thalamus. ...
Neurophysiology
... Tuning Curves • Iso-Rate Function -- Shape similar to what we’ve already described (Fig 6.12 b) • Iso-level Function -- Shows spike rate as a function of frequency-- peak at a single frequency (Fig 6.12a) ...
... Tuning Curves • Iso-Rate Function -- Shape similar to what we’ve already described (Fig 6.12 b) • Iso-level Function -- Shows spike rate as a function of frequency-- peak at a single frequency (Fig 6.12a) ...
ANPS 019 Beneyto-Santonja 10-31
... Reticular activating system (RAS) – critical for maintaining consviousness Substantia nigra – dopamine containing neurons that are part of the basal ganglia (motor), die in Parkinson’s disease ...
... Reticular activating system (RAS) – critical for maintaining consviousness Substantia nigra – dopamine containing neurons that are part of the basal ganglia (motor), die in Parkinson’s disease ...
7-Physiology of brain stem2016-09-25 05:204.2 MB
... The frontal eye field (FEF) projects to the opposite side at the midbrain-pontine junction, and then innervates the paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF). From there, projections directly innervate the lateral rectus (contralateral to FEF) and the medial rectus muscle (ipsilateral to FEF). T ...
... The frontal eye field (FEF) projects to the opposite side at the midbrain-pontine junction, and then innervates the paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF). From there, projections directly innervate the lateral rectus (contralateral to FEF) and the medial rectus muscle (ipsilateral to FEF). T ...
Synaptic receptors, neurotransmitters and brain modulators
... The red nucleus mainly controls the muscles of the shoulder and upper arm, but it has some control over the lower arm and hand as well. It is less important in its motor functions for ...
... The red nucleus mainly controls the muscles of the shoulder and upper arm, but it has some control over the lower arm and hand as well. It is less important in its motor functions for ...
Document
... Aqueous humor - clear watery fluid found in the anterior chamber of the eye; maintains pressure and nourishes the cornea and lens Vitreous humor - clear, jelly-like fluid found in the back portion of the eye: maintains shape of the eye and attaches to the retina Blind spot - small area of the retina ...
... Aqueous humor - clear watery fluid found in the anterior chamber of the eye; maintains pressure and nourishes the cornea and lens Vitreous humor - clear, jelly-like fluid found in the back portion of the eye: maintains shape of the eye and attaches to the retina Blind spot - small area of the retina ...
Brainstem 10
... likely is its center Formed of some of the ascending fibers of the reticular formation. They activate the cerebral cortex through the thalamus. ...
... likely is its center Formed of some of the ascending fibers of the reticular formation. They activate the cerebral cortex through the thalamus. ...
![General anatomy [edit]](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/000712414_1-9f164978a5775158fafd921c8e3d4cef-300x300.png)
General anatomy [edit]
... respective nuclei. The obex marks the end of the 4th ventricle and the beginning of the central canal. The posterior intermediate sulci separates the fasciculi gracilis from the fasciculi cuneatus. Lateral to the fasciculi cuneatus is the lateral funiculus. Superior to the obex is the floor of the 4 ...
... respective nuclei. The obex marks the end of the 4th ventricle and the beginning of the central canal. The posterior intermediate sulci separates the fasciculi gracilis from the fasciculi cuneatus. Lateral to the fasciculi cuneatus is the lateral funiculus. Superior to the obex is the floor of the 4 ...
Visual7
... Pathway for Control of Eye Movement (Fig. 7-1B): For control of eye movements: Pathway to midbrain. Superior colliculus: inputs in voluntary control of saccades (REMs to salient stimuli) and in coordinating movements of head in concert with this. Pretectal nuclei participate in ...
... Pathway for Control of Eye Movement (Fig. 7-1B): For control of eye movements: Pathway to midbrain. Superior colliculus: inputs in voluntary control of saccades (REMs to salient stimuli) and in coordinating movements of head in concert with this. Pretectal nuclei participate in ...
Danczi Csaba László - 2nd WORLD CONGRESS OF ARTS
... terminate. The IC uses GABAergic circuits to modify its response properties. Superior Colliculus (SC) The mammalian superior colliculus consists of seven alternating fibrous and cellular laminae, which have been grouped into superficial and deep divisions. Neurons in the superficial layers are respo ...
... terminate. The IC uses GABAergic circuits to modify its response properties. Superior Colliculus (SC) The mammalian superior colliculus consists of seven alternating fibrous and cellular laminae, which have been grouped into superficial and deep divisions. Neurons in the superficial layers are respo ...
From Vision to Movement
... differences in what fMRI vs. neurophysiology measures, or from extensive training in monkeys. Finally, another way to dissociate vision from movement is by looking at trials with errors (e.g., saccades that miss the visual stimulus). This has been done in situations where saccades made errors as a f ...
... differences in what fMRI vs. neurophysiology measures, or from extensive training in monkeys. Finally, another way to dissociate vision from movement is by looking at trials with errors (e.g., saccades that miss the visual stimulus). This has been done in situations where saccades made errors as a f ...
Visual pathways pathology
... Loss of processing: V2 OR V3 INFARCT:(posteriormost, next to the calcarine sulcus (V1)= LOSS OF ORIENTATION + Mental Rotation = Loss of COLOUR in vision, monochrome = Loss of MOVEMENT detection, “photographic” vision where only still frames are perceived ...
... Loss of processing: V2 OR V3 INFARCT:(posteriormost, next to the calcarine sulcus (V1)= LOSS OF ORIENTATION + Mental Rotation = Loss of COLOUR in vision, monochrome = Loss of MOVEMENT detection, “photographic” vision where only still frames are perceived ...
perceptionlecture5
... Is a set of Reichardt detectors is sensitive to motion in one direction and only in a particular speed? It seems like an inefficient design since a great number of neurons will be required to encode motion in all possible directions and speed, unless each of them can actually encode for a small ran ...
... Is a set of Reichardt detectors is sensitive to motion in one direction and only in a particular speed? It seems like an inefficient design since a great number of neurons will be required to encode motion in all possible directions and speed, unless each of them can actually encode for a small ran ...
primary visual cortex
... By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 1. distinguish between cones and rods. 2. explain how an action potential is generated in the retinal cells of the visual system. 3. review the pathway by which visual information is transmitted from receptors to the brain. 4. identify the locatio ...
... By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 1. distinguish between cones and rods. 2. explain how an action potential is generated in the retinal cells of the visual system. 3. review the pathway by which visual information is transmitted from receptors to the brain. 4. identify the locatio ...
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 26.1 Schematic diagram of the human
... through layers 2 + 3 (inset). There was a steady, slow progression of preferred orientations, although there were a few positions where the orientations changed more abruptly. (B) Schematic diagram of an electrode penetration through layer 4C (left) and the retinotopic positions of receptive fields ...
... through layers 2 + 3 (inset). There was a steady, slow progression of preferred orientations, although there were a few positions where the orientations changed more abruptly. (B) Schematic diagram of an electrode penetration through layer 4C (left) and the retinotopic positions of receptive fields ...
1 - U-System
... - pursuit movements triggered from visual association cortex in occipital lobes, posterior parts of temporal/parietal lobes (frontal eye fields may be involved) - vertical movements triggered bilaterally - unilateral cortical damage impairs horizontal pursuit movements in both directions, but impair ...
... - pursuit movements triggered from visual association cortex in occipital lobes, posterior parts of temporal/parietal lobes (frontal eye fields may be involved) - vertical movements triggered bilaterally - unilateral cortical damage impairs horizontal pursuit movements in both directions, but impair ...
Superior colliculus
The superior colliculus, (Latin, upper hill) is a paired structure of the mammalian midbrain. In other vertebrates this is known as the optic tectum or simply tectum, and the adjective tectal may also be used. The superior colliculus forms a major component of the midbrain. The tectum is a layered structure, with a number of layers that varies by species. The superficial layers are sensory-related, and receive input from the eyes as well as other sensory systems. The deep layers are motor-related, capable of activating eye movements as well as other responses. There are also intermediate layers, with multi-sensory cells and motor properties.The general function of the tectal system is to direct behavioral responses toward specific points in egocentric (""body-centered"") space. Each layer of the tectum contains a topographic map of the surrounding world in retinotopic coordinates, and activation of neurons at a particular point in the map evokes a response directed toward the corresponding point in space. In primates, the superior colliculus has been studied mainly with respect to its role in directing eye movements. Visual input from the retina, or ""command"" input from the cerebral cortex, create a ""bump"" of activity in the tectal map, which, if strong enough, induces a saccadic eye movement. Even in primates, however, the tectum is also involved in generating spatially directed head turns, arm-reaching movements, and shifts in attention that do not involve any overt movements. In other species, the tectum is involved in a wide range of responses, including whole-body turns in walking rats, swimming fishes, or flying birds; tongue-strikes toward prey in frogs; fang-strikes in snakes; etc.In some vertebrates, including fish and birds, the tectum is one of the largest components of the brain. In mammals, and especially primates, the massive expansion of the cerebral cortex reduces the tectum (""superior colliculus"") to a much smaller fraction of the whole brain. It remains nonetheless important in terms of function as the primary integrating center for eye movements.Note on terminology: This article follows terminology established in the literature for the analogous structure in mammals/non-mammals (see above), using the term ""superior colliculus"" when discussing mammals and ""optic tectum"" when discussing either specific non-mammalian species or vertebrates in general.