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Two Models of Catabolite Repression Signal Transduction
Two Models of Catabolite Repression Signal Transduction

... phosphorylated intermediates of glycolysis such as glycerol-3-phosphate increase in the cell. In the glycolytic flux model, it is these phosphorylated intermediates that interact with EIIAglc and prevent EIIAglc from activating adenylate cyclase. Basically, the model says that abundant glucose leads ...
Regulation of the heat stress response in Arabidopsis by
Regulation of the heat stress response in Arabidopsis by

... It was shown that the transcriptional activity of mammalian Hsf1 is regulated by phosphorylation (Knauf et al., 1996; Kline & Morimoto, 1997; Holmberg et al., 2001). So far, 5 phosphorylation sites have been characterized for mammalian Hsf1: S230, S303, S307, S326 and S363 (Chu et al., 1996). During ...
Enzyme Mechanisms - Illinois Institute of Technology
Enzyme Mechanisms - Illinois Institute of Technology

... So the first oxygen is an allosteric effector of the activity in the other subunits Effect can be inhibitory or accelerative ...
GEFs: master regulators of G
GEFs: master regulators of G

... GEF for Rab5, are effectors of Ras. Such mechanisms allow a signal to diverge into multiple pathways10. Signaling networks also involve indirect connections. For example, Rho-family GEFs Vav and Tiam contain PH domains directly C-terminal to their GEF domains. These phosphoinositolbinding domains mi ...
RIBOZYMES
RIBOZYMES

... of conserved sequences. These helices are called I, II and III.  Hammerhead ribozymes can be classified into three types based on which helix the 5' and 3' ends are found in.  If the 5' and 3' ends of the sequence contribute to stem I then it is a type I hammerhead ribozyme, and if the and 3' ends ...
GFP - Bio-Rad
GFP - Bio-Rad

... linking it to other DNA molecules. The basic concept behind DNA splicing is to remove a functional DNA fragment—let’s say a gene—from one organism and combine it with the DNA of another organism in order to make the protein that gene codes for. The desired result of gene splicing is for the recipien ...
PCR
PCR

... Fidelity of Taq or error rate is: 1 base misincorporation per 104 nucleotides polymerized for a 400 bp fragment amplied 106 fold (=20 cycles) results in in about 33% of the products carrying a mutation (thus should sequence several PCR amplimers to determine consensus) ...
Inhibition of the p53 tumor suppressor by MDM2
Inhibition of the p53 tumor suppressor by MDM2

... ubiquitin proteins are loaded into the E3 complex to signal protein degradtion in order to deactivate the transcription of p53 proteins by the cell (Bartel, 2002). ...
Integrative genomics analysis identifies
Integrative genomics analysis identifies

... (14). These widespread interphase chromatin regulatory complexes provide topological basis for genome-wide transcriptional regulation of both housekeeping and cell-specific genes in human cells (14). Typically, the long-range chromatin interaction complexes contain multiple physically interacting en ...
Non-Enzymatic, Low Temperature Fluorescence in situ
Non-Enzymatic, Low Temperature Fluorescence in situ

... couples), alternative mechanisms for ISH may exist. For example, small amounts of single-stranded target DNA present either naturally, or as the result of the fixation process alone, might in some cases be sufficient to allow visualization of probetarget binding sites using low temperature protocols ...
Dissecting the protein–RNA interface
Dissecting the protein–RNA interface

... resolution in cases where proteins in different complexes had >30% sequence identity (with all other options set to their default) (11). After processing with PISCES, 122 non-redundant complexes were obtained. It was necessary to distinguish between the biological interactions and the crystal contac ...
1 Biosynthesis and Chemical Properties of Natural Substances in
1 Biosynthesis and Chemical Properties of Natural Substances in

... Membrane targets can be found at the plasma membrane, ER or Golgi apparatus, where the functions of molecules such as transporter and channels, and also of membrane receptors, can be altered. The electron-transport chains of both plastids and mitochondria may also serve as targets, and plant compoun ...
Lack of homology between two haloacetate dehalogenase genes
Lack of homology between two haloacetate dehalogenase genes

... (EC 3.8.1 .2), acts broadly on short-chain 2-haloalkanoic acids to produce 2-hydroxy acids. However, individual enzymes in each group exhibit different substratespecificitiesfor carbon chain length, the halogen species, and the configuration of the substitute (Kawasaki, 1988). The diversity of the d ...
Bacterial and Firefly Luciferase Genes in Transgenic Plants
Bacterial and Firefly Luciferase Genes in Transgenic Plants

... carried out in vivo by expression of luciferases in living cells [Hastings and Nealson, 19771. Cloning of luciferase genes opened the way to novel applications in molecular biology. Gene fusion is a general approach to study the temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression and to delineate reg ...
Molecular Characterization of CDC42, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Molecular Characterization of CDC42, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae

... Figure 2. (A and B) DNA-DNA blot hybridization analyses of chromosomal DNA from parental and transformed strains. After digestion with the indicated restriction enzymes, DNA fragments were separated and hybridized to radioactively labeled pBR(42)l as described in Materials and Methods. The sizes of ...
The Gene Gateway Workbook
The Gene Gateway Workbook

... The gene and its protein product are relatively well studied. Three-dimensional structures of the protein product are available in Protein Data Bank (PDB), the international repository for macromolecular structure data. ...
Sequence analysis of the Marburg virus nucleoprotein gene
Sequence analysis of the Marburg virus nucleoprotein gene

... Fig. 2. Specificity of cDNA clones, MBG mRNAs and sequencing of the 5' end of the MBG NP mRNA. (a) Northern blot hybridization of 32P-labelled probes (nick translation) generated from eDNA clones MV-88 and MV-17 (see Fig. 1) to lanes of RNA resolved by electrophoresisin an acid-urea-agarose (1-5~) g ...
Characterization of a cDNA Clone Encoding Multiple Copies of the
Characterization of a cDNA Clone Encoding Multiple Copies of the

... of cDNA clone 1 (1054 bp), as obtained by sequence analysis, corresponds well with the length of - 1100 nucleotides of the transcript as determined by Northern blotting (Fig. 3). In addition to the Northern blot that indicates that we have cloned an almost full-length cDNA, a signal for polyadenylat ...
et al
et al

... Although silencing by siRNAs is transient, vectors can be made to express siRNAs in cells ...
Genetics Test 3 Review Presentation
Genetics Test 3 Review Presentation

... • Carry amino acids for protein synthesis • A small ribonucleic acid molecule with an essential role in translation. tRNAs contain: (1) a three-base segment (anticodon) that recognizes a codon in mRNA; (2) a binding site for the specific amino acid corresponding to the anticodon; and (3) recognition ...
chapter9
chapter9

... reactions • In a pathway, an enzyme is required to convert one compound into another • Each reaction is controlled by a different enzyme Fig. 9.1 Chapter 9 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning ...
Carcinoembryonic Antigens - The Journal of Cell Biology
Carcinoembryonic Antigens - The Journal of Cell Biology

... typical for other CEA isoantigens, the TM1-CEA polypeptide initiates with a M-amino acid leader sequence that ends at a short side-chain amino acid, alanine. The proposed NH2-terminus of TM1-CEA contains glutamine as the first residue that initiates at 108-amino acid NH~-tenninal domain. This domain ...
Brief Rapid Communications
Brief Rapid Communications

... cardiovascular diseases. Previous gene transfer approaches that used direct injection of plasmid DNA or replicationdefective adenovirus vectors have been limited by low transduction frequencies and transient transgene expression due to immune responses, respectively. In this report, we have tested t ...
Calcitonin
Calcitonin

... Introduction Calcitonin is a 32-amino acid polypeptide hormone that is produced in humans primarily by the parafollicular (also known as C-cells) of the thyroid, and in many other animals in the ultimobranchia body. It acts to reduce blood calcium (Ca2+), opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone ...
ZOO-302CR:(1.4)CELL DIVISION AND CELL CYCLE
ZOO-302CR:(1.4)CELL DIVISION AND CELL CYCLE

... mammalian cell cycle and focuses on the cell cycle regulatory molecules that act at each stage to ensure normal cellular progression. Key Words 14-3-3; anaphase-promoting complex; CDC25; cyclins; cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks); Cdk inhibitors; cytokinesis; DNA replication; E2F transcription factors ...
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Transcriptional regulation

In molecular biology and genetics, transcriptional regulation is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating gene activity. A single gene can be regulated in a range of ways, from altering the number of copies of RNA that are transcribed, to the temporal control of when the gene is transcribed. This control allows the cell or organism to respond to a variety of intra- and extracellular signals and thus mount a response. Some examples of this include producing the mRNA that encode enzymes to adapt to a change in a food source, producing the gene products involved in cell cycle specific activities, and producing the gene products responsible for cellular differentiation in higher eukaryotes.The regulation of transcription is a vital process in all living organisms. It is orchestrated by transcription factors and other proteins working in concert to finely tune the amount of RNA being produced through a variety of mechanisms. Prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms have very different strategies of accomplishing control over transcription, but some important features remain conserved between the two. Most importantly is the idea of combinatorial control, which is that any given gene is likely controlled by a specific combination of factors to control transcription. In a hypothetical example, the factors A and B might regulate a distinct set of genes from the combination of factors A and C. This combinatorial nature extends to complexes of far more than two proteins, and allows a very small subset (less than 10%) of the genome to control the transcriptional program of the entire cell.
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