Introduction (HL)
... A halogenoalkane reacts with a hot solution of NaOH dissolved in ethanol to produce an alkene. ...
... A halogenoalkane reacts with a hot solution of NaOH dissolved in ethanol to produce an alkene. ...
Esterification and Odors of Esters
... Conc. H2SO4 Glacial acetic acid Salicylic acid Isoamyl alcohol ...
... Conc. H2SO4 Glacial acetic acid Salicylic acid Isoamyl alcohol ...
MULTISTEP SYNTHESIS PROTECTING GROUPS
... 7. PROTECTING GROUP STRATEGY - Acetanilide is used as the starting material in these reactions, but at the end the amide group gets hydrolyzed into an amine group. Why not start the reaction sequence with aniline (below) rather than acetanilide, and save the last step? The answer is that the amino ...
... 7. PROTECTING GROUP STRATEGY - Acetanilide is used as the starting material in these reactions, but at the end the amide group gets hydrolyzed into an amine group. Why not start the reaction sequence with aniline (below) rather than acetanilide, and save the last step? The answer is that the amino ...
types of organic reactions
... One product will be there in greater amounts than the other and is called the major product (the other is called the minor product). To decide which is the major product, Markovnikov’s rule is used: The hydrogen atom of the addition reagent goes to the carbon atom of the double bond, that is attache ...
... One product will be there in greater amounts than the other and is called the major product (the other is called the minor product). To decide which is the major product, Markovnikov’s rule is used: The hydrogen atom of the addition reagent goes to the carbon atom of the double bond, that is attache ...
How to study organic chemistry?
... Funda is conjugate acid or conjugate base as the case may be if stable then that base or acid is strong. Solvent and its role in reaction mechanism. Inductive effect,Hyperconjugation,Resonance. Aromaticity. Tautomerism(keto-enol) Keto-Enol Ratio – Various factors like relief of angle strain. Solvent ...
... Funda is conjugate acid or conjugate base as the case may be if stable then that base or acid is strong. Solvent and its role in reaction mechanism. Inductive effect,Hyperconjugation,Resonance. Aromaticity. Tautomerism(keto-enol) Keto-Enol Ratio – Various factors like relief of angle strain. Solvent ...
Lecture 9a - University of California, Los Angeles
... The problem in this reaction is that aldehydes are generally more reactive than ketones which means that both groups would react with the Grignard reagent, albeit with different rates The higher reactivity of the aldehyde is exploited in the formation of the cyclic acetal using 1,3-propanediol ...
... The problem in this reaction is that aldehydes are generally more reactive than ketones which means that both groups would react with the Grignard reagent, albeit with different rates The higher reactivity of the aldehyde is exploited in the formation of the cyclic acetal using 1,3-propanediol ...
Carboxylates/esters vs ketones/aldehydes
... Because of this, usually at least one mol. equivalents of NaBH4 are used for the reaction in a protic solvent. What makes the kinetics of the reaction more complicated is the fact that these solvent reacted reagents such as NaBH3(OC2H5) and NaBH2(OC2H5)2 reduce ketones/aldehydes much faster than the ...
... Because of this, usually at least one mol. equivalents of NaBH4 are used for the reaction in a protic solvent. What makes the kinetics of the reaction more complicated is the fact that these solvent reacted reagents such as NaBH3(OC2H5) and NaBH2(OC2H5)2 reduce ketones/aldehydes much faster than the ...
Carboxylic Acids
... Electron withdrawing groups can increase acid strength by weakening the OH bond and stabilizing the acid anion. The positive inductive effect of E-groups is very small through more than two or three carbon-carbon bonds. Electron donating groups reduce the partially positive charge of carboxyl carbon ...
... Electron withdrawing groups can increase acid strength by weakening the OH bond and stabilizing the acid anion. The positive inductive effect of E-groups is very small through more than two or three carbon-carbon bonds. Electron donating groups reduce the partially positive charge of carboxyl carbon ...
Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Practice
... 2. The SPLITTING apart of two organic molecules in a polymer and adding back the water parts to make individual monomers again is called ____________________________. 3. The organic molecules that serve as a ...
... 2. The SPLITTING apart of two organic molecules in a polymer and adding back the water parts to make individual monomers again is called ____________________________. 3. The organic molecules that serve as a ...
benzylic alcohols
... chemistry, for it reacts nearly quantitatively. Since the grouping --CH (OH)-–CH 2OH—is oxidized is oxidized to formaldehyde and the grouping –CH (OH)-–CH (OH)--CH(OH)- give one mole of formic acid, the estimation of formaldehyde with dimedone and formic acid with standard base provide information a ...
... chemistry, for it reacts nearly quantitatively. Since the grouping --CH (OH)-–CH 2OH—is oxidized is oxidized to formaldehyde and the grouping –CH (OH)-–CH (OH)--CH(OH)- give one mole of formic acid, the estimation of formaldehyde with dimedone and formic acid with standard base provide information a ...
A.P. Chemistry Complexation Reactions
... Two compounds switch partners and form two new compounds. ...
... Two compounds switch partners and form two new compounds. ...
alcohol - Portal UniMAP
... An oxidation reduction reaction or a redox reaction is one which electron transfer occurs In organic chemistry this tends to have a significance more on par of oxygen content Oxidation reactions as ones in which carbon gains bonds to oxygen Reduction reactions as ones in which carbon atoms l ...
... An oxidation reduction reaction or a redox reaction is one which electron transfer occurs In organic chemistry this tends to have a significance more on par of oxygen content Oxidation reactions as ones in which carbon gains bonds to oxygen Reduction reactions as ones in which carbon atoms l ...
Organic Reactions 1
... Condensation is an organic reaction when two molecules combine, usually in the presence of a catalyst, with the elimination of water or some other simple molecule. Catalysts commonly used in condensation reactions include acids and bases. The combination of two identical molecules is known as self-c ...
... Condensation is an organic reaction when two molecules combine, usually in the presence of a catalyst, with the elimination of water or some other simple molecule. Catalysts commonly used in condensation reactions include acids and bases. The combination of two identical molecules is known as self-c ...
Taylor`s Organic Reactions Summary Sheet
... reactants, and must be considered in designing the synthesis of specific alkyl halides. These alkyl halides can then be transformed into other organic compounds. Preparing Organic Halides: Halogenation ...
... reactants, and must be considered in designing the synthesis of specific alkyl halides. These alkyl halides can then be transformed into other organic compounds. Preparing Organic Halides: Halogenation ...
L3 - Alcohol and Phenol Reactions
... Alcohol Reactions, cont. Oxidation – Oxidation reactions occur when a molecule gains an oxygen, loses a hydrogen or loses electrons. Under the right conditions, alcohols can by oxidized by removing two hydrogen atoms from the same molecule, one from a hydroxyl group and the second from the carbon ...
... Alcohol Reactions, cont. Oxidation – Oxidation reactions occur when a molecule gains an oxygen, loses a hydrogen or loses electrons. Under the right conditions, alcohols can by oxidized by removing two hydrogen atoms from the same molecule, one from a hydroxyl group and the second from the carbon ...
Alkenes
... The electron configuration of carbon is When carbon bonds in alkenes, the electron configuration changes The 2s electron and two of the 2p electrons combine to form three sp2 hybrid orbitals, leaving a spare porbital on each of the carbon atoms ...
... The electron configuration of carbon is When carbon bonds in alkenes, the electron configuration changes The 2s electron and two of the 2p electrons combine to form three sp2 hybrid orbitals, leaving a spare porbital on each of the carbon atoms ...
Slides for Chapter 1-4 - Department of Chemistry and Physics
... Nucleophiles will replace the halide in C-X bonds of many alkyl halides(reaction as Lewis base) Nucleophiles that are Brønsted bases produce elimination ...
... Nucleophiles will replace the halide in C-X bonds of many alkyl halides(reaction as Lewis base) Nucleophiles that are Brønsted bases produce elimination ...
TYPES OF ORGANIC CHEMICAL REACTIONS
... Substitution reactions often require heat and/or a catalyst in order to occur. Example: Substitution of an alkane H H H C H + Cl2 H C Cl + HCl H H HEAT ...
... Substitution reactions often require heat and/or a catalyst in order to occur. Example: Substitution of an alkane H H H C H + Cl2 H C Cl + HCl H H HEAT ...
Exam 1
... Know and be able draw the arrow pushing mechanism for these reactions: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (in making Azo dyes,), Nucleophilic acyl substitutions Acid catalyzed ester & amide hydrolysis, Fisher esterification, trans esterification Hydroxide promoted ester hydrolysis Nucleophilic addi ...
... Know and be able draw the arrow pushing mechanism for these reactions: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (in making Azo dyes,), Nucleophilic acyl substitutions Acid catalyzed ester & amide hydrolysis, Fisher esterification, trans esterification Hydroxide promoted ester hydrolysis Nucleophilic addi ...
Table
... AlcoholsEthers+Water Condensation reaction, eliminating H2O ; Dehydration Preparation Primary alcohols aldehydes Controlled oxidation reactions Secondary alcohols ketones Controlled oxidation reactions Pathways to other groups Aldehydes primary alcohols Addition reaction with hydrogen: hydroge ...
... AlcoholsEthers+Water Condensation reaction, eliminating H2O ; Dehydration Preparation Primary alcohols aldehydes Controlled oxidation reactions Secondary alcohols ketones Controlled oxidation reactions Pathways to other groups Aldehydes primary alcohols Addition reaction with hydrogen: hydroge ...
Strychnine total synthesis
Strychnine total synthesis in chemistry describes the total synthesis of the complex biomolecule strychnine. The first reported method by the group of Robert Burns Woodward in 1954 is considered a classic in this research field. At the time it formed the natural conclusion to an elaborate process of molecular structure elucidation that started with the isolation of strychnine from the beans of Strychnos ignatii by Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou in 1818. Major contributors to the entire effort were Sir Robert Robinson with over 250 publications and Hermann Leuchs with another 125 papers in a time span of 40 years. Robinson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1947 for his work on alkaloids, strychnine included. The process of chemical identification was completed with publications in 1946 by Robinson and later confirmed by Woodward in 1947. X-ray structures establishing the absolute configuration became available between 1947 and 1951 with publications from J. M. Bijvoet and J.H. Robertson .Woodward published a very brief account on the strychnine synthesis in 1954 (just 3 pages) and a lengthy one (42 pages) in 1963.Many more methods exist and reported by the research groups of Magnus, Overman, Kuehne, Rawal, Bosch, Vollhardt, Mori, Shibasaki, Li, Fukuyama Vanderwal and MacMillan. Synthetic (+)-strychnine is also known. Racemic synthesises were published by Padwa in 2007 and in 2010 by Andrade and by Reissig.In his 1963 publication Woodward quoted Sir Robert Robinson who said for its molecular size it is the most complex substance known.