Chem 51A Chapter 3 2014
... between two molecules, and the stronger the intermolecular forces. 2. Polarizabilty: This is a measure of how the electron cloud around an atom responds to changes in its electronic environment. Larger atoms, like iodine, which have more loosely held valence electrons, are more polarizable than smal ...
... between two molecules, and the stronger the intermolecular forces. 2. Polarizabilty: This is a measure of how the electron cloud around an atom responds to changes in its electronic environment. Larger atoms, like iodine, which have more loosely held valence electrons, are more polarizable than smal ...
9791/02 UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL
... base in DNA using hydrogen-bonding interactions to each base. (It is named after the Roman god Janus who had two faces.) The structures of guanine, cytosine and a Janus wedge are shown. (Rʹ indicates the remainder of the Janus wedge structure.) ...
... base in DNA using hydrogen-bonding interactions to each base. (It is named after the Roman god Janus who had two faces.) The structures of guanine, cytosine and a Janus wedge are shown. (Rʹ indicates the remainder of the Janus wedge structure.) ...
Document
... A. Oxidation of tert-butanol with potassium dichromate, in presence of sulphuric acid, leads to butanoic acid. B. When alcohols are oxidized with potassium permanganate, in the presence of sulphuric acid, the colour of the reaction mixture changes form orange to green. C. 2-cetopentanoic acid and ox ...
... A. Oxidation of tert-butanol with potassium dichromate, in presence of sulphuric acid, leads to butanoic acid. B. When alcohols are oxidized with potassium permanganate, in the presence of sulphuric acid, the colour of the reaction mixture changes form orange to green. C. 2-cetopentanoic acid and ox ...
Protecting Groups Introduction to Carbonyl
... Protecting Groups Solving this problem requires a three-step strategy: [1] Convert the OH group into another functional group that does not interfere with the desired reaction. This new blocking group is called a protecting group, and the reaction that creates it is called “protection.” [2] Carry ou ...
... Protecting Groups Solving this problem requires a three-step strategy: [1] Convert the OH group into another functional group that does not interfere with the desired reaction. This new blocking group is called a protecting group, and the reaction that creates it is called “protection.” [2] Carry ou ...
Aldehydes and ketones
... • These names are taken from Latin roots as are the first 5 carboxylic acids • Greek letters are used to indicate the position of substituents with the carbon atom adjacent or bonded to the carbonyl carbon being the a carbon ...
... • These names are taken from Latin roots as are the first 5 carboxylic acids • Greek letters are used to indicate the position of substituents with the carbon atom adjacent or bonded to the carbonyl carbon being the a carbon ...
Alcohols, haloalkanes and analysis - MCQ topic quiz
... CH3CH2CH2OH + 2[O] CH3CH2COOH + H2O Incorrect, they did not spot that distillation will make an aldehyde rather than a carboxyl. ...
... CH3CH2CH2OH + 2[O] CH3CH2COOH + H2O Incorrect, they did not spot that distillation will make an aldehyde rather than a carboxyl. ...
Title Carbonyl reduction with CaH2 and R3SiCl catalyzed by ZnCl2
... 1. N. Greeves, In Comprehensive Organic Synthesis; B. M. Trost and I. Fleming, Eds.; Pergamon Press: Oxford, 1991, vol. 9, p. 1. J. Seyden-Penne, Reductions by the Alumino- and Borohydrides in Organic Synthesis; VHC: 1991. 2. Ohkuma, T.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R. J. Org. Chem. 1994, ...
... 1. N. Greeves, In Comprehensive Organic Synthesis; B. M. Trost and I. Fleming, Eds.; Pergamon Press: Oxford, 1991, vol. 9, p. 1. J. Seyden-Penne, Reductions by the Alumino- and Borohydrides in Organic Synthesis; VHC: 1991. 2. Ohkuma, T.; Hashiguchi, S.; Noyori, R. J. Org. Chem. 1994, ...
Contents - New Age International
... 2. Carbon atoms combine with other atoms to form both ionic as well as covalent bonds. 3. Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. ...
... 2. Carbon atoms combine with other atoms to form both ionic as well as covalent bonds. 3. Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. ...
PowerPoint - Name Hydrocarbons
... • 4. Assemble the name, listing groups in alphabetical order. • 6. The prefixes di, tri, tetra are used to designate several groups of the same kind, are not considered when alphabetizing. • Cl- chloro, F- Fluoro, Br- Bromo ...
... • 4. Assemble the name, listing groups in alphabetical order. • 6. The prefixes di, tri, tetra are used to designate several groups of the same kind, are not considered when alphabetizing. • Cl- chloro, F- Fluoro, Br- Bromo ...
No Slide Title
... • Nitrogen nucleophiles add to C=O to from imines from primary alcohols and enamines from secondary amines • Hydrazine or substitutes derivatives form hydrazones • Carboxylic acids derivatives interconverted by Nucleophilic acyl substitution • Reactivity acid chloride > thiol ester = anhydride > est ...
... • Nitrogen nucleophiles add to C=O to from imines from primary alcohols and enamines from secondary amines • Hydrazine or substitutes derivatives form hydrazones • Carboxylic acids derivatives interconverted by Nucleophilic acyl substitution • Reactivity acid chloride > thiol ester = anhydride > est ...
Organic Chemistry - University of California, Riverside
... The relative magnitudes of these electronegativity differences reflect the relative magnitudes of the polarity of each bond. The negative (-) electronegativity difference for a C-H bond suggests that C is (δ-) while H is (δ+), however the magnitude of the electronegativity difference is so small tha ...
... The relative magnitudes of these electronegativity differences reflect the relative magnitudes of the polarity of each bond. The negative (-) electronegativity difference for a C-H bond suggests that C is (δ-) while H is (δ+), however the magnitude of the electronegativity difference is so small tha ...
Chapter 8 I. Nucleophilic Substitution
... Physicist Roland Wester and his team in Matthias Weidemüller's group at the University of Freiburg, in Germany, in collaboration with William L. Hase's group at Texas Tech University, provide direct evidence for this mechanism in the gas phase. However, they also detected an additional, unexpected m ...
... Physicist Roland Wester and his team in Matthias Weidemüller's group at the University of Freiburg, in Germany, in collaboration with William L. Hase's group at Texas Tech University, provide direct evidence for this mechanism in the gas phase. However, they also detected an additional, unexpected m ...
OXIDATION AND REDUCTION IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY In ionic
... aldehydes and their hydrated forms, and for carboxylic acids and their derivatives. However, most references to oxidation and reduction reactions in organic chemistry textbooks involve the functional groups presented in the chart above. ...
... aldehydes and their hydrated forms, and for carboxylic acids and their derivatives. However, most references to oxidation and reduction reactions in organic chemistry textbooks involve the functional groups presented in the chart above. ...
I. ALDEHYDES AND KETONES Carbonyl compounds are
... R-Mg-X and is commonly referred to as a Grignard Reagent. ...
... R-Mg-X and is commonly referred to as a Grignard Reagent. ...
Substituted Hydrocarbons and Their Reactions
... refrigerants. Until the late 1980s, alkyl halides called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were widely used in refrigerators and airconditioning systems. Recall how CFCs affect the ozone layer. CFCs have been replaced by HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons), which contain only hydrogen and fluorine atoms bonded to ca ...
... refrigerants. Until the late 1980s, alkyl halides called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were widely used in refrigerators and airconditioning systems. Recall how CFCs affect the ozone layer. CFCs have been replaced by HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons), which contain only hydrogen and fluorine atoms bonded to ca ...
Exp 4_Properties of Alcohols
... Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) is a catalyst for this reaction, which is called the Lucas test. The resultant alkyl chloride is insoluble in water and separates from the Lucas reagent (ZnCl2 in concentrated HCl), forming a cloudy mixture. Alcohols react at different rates, depending upon their structure. Ter ...
... Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) is a catalyst for this reaction, which is called the Lucas test. The resultant alkyl chloride is insoluble in water and separates from the Lucas reagent (ZnCl2 in concentrated HCl), forming a cloudy mixture. Alcohols react at different rates, depending upon their structure. Ter ...
An Introduction to Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry What are
... presence of the ring and double bonds understood. As we shall see, aromatic compounds react in distinctly different ways than do alkenes, owing to delocalization of electrons within the ring. ...
... presence of the ring and double bonds understood. As we shall see, aromatic compounds react in distinctly different ways than do alkenes, owing to delocalization of electrons within the ring. ...
Lecture 14a - UCLA Chemistry and Biochemistry
... Step 2: Acid-catalyzed aromatic substitution Step 3: Cyclization to from the five-membered ring Step 4: Loss of ammonia to form the conjugated system ...
... Step 2: Acid-catalyzed aromatic substitution Step 3: Cyclization to from the five-membered ring Step 4: Loss of ammonia to form the conjugated system ...
ORGANIC
... and the molecules are drawn linearly. To fulfill the bonding requirements of C, O, and N (as well as some other atoms) we correctly assume that the un-shown bonds are to hydrogens. Example(1): Fill in the H atoms in the molecules below: CCCC ...
... and the molecules are drawn linearly. To fulfill the bonding requirements of C, O, and N (as well as some other atoms) we correctly assume that the un-shown bonds are to hydrogens. Example(1): Fill in the H atoms in the molecules below: CCCC ...
REASONING QUESTIONS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
... Ans: Chloroform react with air in presence of sun light it forms poisonous phosogene. 2 CHCl3 + O2 2 COCl2+ 2 HCl 11. Out of C6H5CH2Cl & C6 H5CHCl C6H5 Which is more easily hydrolyzed by KOH? Ans; The second comound is more resonance stabilized hence easily forms carbo cation and react faster by S ...
... Ans: Chloroform react with air in presence of sun light it forms poisonous phosogene. 2 CHCl3 + O2 2 COCl2+ 2 HCl 11. Out of C6H5CH2Cl & C6 H5CHCl C6H5 Which is more easily hydrolyzed by KOH? Ans; The second comound is more resonance stabilized hence easily forms carbo cation and react faster by S ...
File
... Part B: Reactions of Functional Groups (pg’s 65-80) 1a) Name some common groups of atoms and groups of atoms that can be added to a double or triple bond. b) List some of the possible classes of compounds that can be formed. 2) Explain using an example Markovnikov’s rule. Do alkynes follow this rule ...
... Part B: Reactions of Functional Groups (pg’s 65-80) 1a) Name some common groups of atoms and groups of atoms that can be added to a double or triple bond. b) List some of the possible classes of compounds that can be formed. 2) Explain using an example Markovnikov’s rule. Do alkynes follow this rule ...
Kazzie`s Guide to Orgo 2
... Which base appears in RNA but not DNA? Which carbon has it’s OH replaced by H in DNA? Draw the dinucleotide made up of thymine and adenine as it would appear in DNA: ...
... Which base appears in RNA but not DNA? Which carbon has it’s OH replaced by H in DNA? Draw the dinucleotide made up of thymine and adenine as it would appear in DNA: ...
Haloalkane
The haloalkanes (also known, as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of chemical compounds derived from alkanes containing one or more halogens. They are a subset of the general class of halocarbons, although the distinction is not often made. Haloalkanes are widely used commercially and, consequently, are known under many chemical and commercial names. They are used as flame retardants, fire extinguishants, refrigerants, propellants, solvents, and pharmaceuticals. Subsequent to the widespread use in commerce, many halocarbons have also been shown to be serious pollutants and toxins. For example, the chlorofluorocarbons have been shown to lead to ozone depletion. Methyl bromide is a controversial fumigant. Only haloalkanes which contain chlorine, bromine, and iodine are a threat to the ozone layer, but fluorinated volatile haloalkanes in theory may have activity as greenhouse gases. Methyl iodide, a naturally occurring substance, however, does not have ozone-depleting properties and the United States Environmental Protection Agency has designated the compound a non-ozone layer depleter. For more information, see Halomethane. Haloalkane or alkyl halides are the compounds which have the general formula ″RX″ where R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and X is a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I).Haloalkanes have been known for centuries. Chloroethane was produced synthetically in the 15th century. The systematic synthesis of such compounds developed in the 19th century in step with the development of organic chemistry and the understanding of the structure of alkanes. Methods were developed for the selective formation of C-halogen bonds. Especially versatile methods included the addition of halogens to alkenes, hydrohalogenation of alkenes, and the conversion of alcohols to alkyl halides. These methods are so reliable and so easily implemented that haloalkanes became cheaply available for use in industrial chemistry because the halide could be further replaced by other functional groups.While most haloalkanes are human-produced, non-artificial-source haloalkanes do occur on Earth, mostly through enzyme-mediated synthesis by bacteria, fungi, and especially sea macroalgae (seaweeds). More than 1600 halogenated organics have been identified, with bromoalkanes being the most common haloalkanes. Brominated organics in biology range from biologically produced methyl bromide to non-alkane aromatics and unsaturates (indoles, terpenes, acetogenins, and phenols). Halogenated alkanes in land plants are more rare, but do occur, as for example the fluoroacetate produced as a toxin by at least 40 species of known plants. Specific dehalogenase enzymes in bacteria which remove halogens from haloalkanes, are also known.