Final Exam Review Sheet Chemistry 110a/1998
... Be able to explain how a kinetic isotope effect can be used to determine the rate-determining step of this oxidation process. c. Explain why 1° alcohols are converted to carboxylic acids. d. Explain how 1° alcohols can be converted to aldehydes when PDC is used as the reagent in anhydrous dichlorome ...
... Be able to explain how a kinetic isotope effect can be used to determine the rate-determining step of this oxidation process. c. Explain why 1° alcohols are converted to carboxylic acids. d. Explain how 1° alcohols can be converted to aldehydes when PDC is used as the reagent in anhydrous dichlorome ...
Hein and Arena - faculty at Chemeketa
... In the presence of excess alcohol and a strong acid such as dry HCl, aldehydes or hemiacetals react with a second molecule of the alcohol to yield an acetal. ...
... In the presence of excess alcohol and a strong acid such as dry HCl, aldehydes or hemiacetals react with a second molecule of the alcohol to yield an acetal. ...
Chapter 18 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
... • Nucleophilic acyl substitution: An additionelimination sequence resulting in substitution of one nucleophile for another. O ...
... • Nucleophilic acyl substitution: An additionelimination sequence resulting in substitution of one nucleophile for another. O ...
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... Water is a reagent used to make carboxylic acids Alcohols is a reagent used to make esters ammonia or an amine are used to make an amide hydride source is used to make an aldehyde or an ...
... Water is a reagent used to make carboxylic acids Alcohols is a reagent used to make esters ammonia or an amine are used to make an amide hydride source is used to make an aldehyde or an ...
Zinc Alkyls in Organic Synthesis
... solvent, drying of the organic fraction, concentration in vacuo, and purification. Other variations may be similarly effective depending on the chemistry under consideration. See the work of Walsh, Tan, Macdonald, Danishefsky, and Zercher for details. In general, the reaction mixtures can be quenche ...
... solvent, drying of the organic fraction, concentration in vacuo, and purification. Other variations may be similarly effective depending on the chemistry under consideration. See the work of Walsh, Tan, Macdonald, Danishefsky, and Zercher for details. In general, the reaction mixtures can be quenche ...
Drying Solvents: Note: When the solvent is to be distilled after
... give a dark blue ketyl radical which is protonated by water to give colorless products. Thus the sodium-benzophenone system is particularly convenient because it is selfindicating, and it is the preferred reagent for rigorous drying of diethyl ether, THF, DME, and other ethereal solvents. Sodium-pot ...
... give a dark blue ketyl radical which is protonated by water to give colorless products. Thus the sodium-benzophenone system is particularly convenient because it is selfindicating, and it is the preferred reagent for rigorous drying of diethyl ether, THF, DME, and other ethereal solvents. Sodium-pot ...
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)
... Reduction of aromatic nitro compounds to corresponding amines is an extensively studied organic transformation [1]. Diverse reagents and reaction conditions have been developed for this purpose. Conversion of aromatic amines to corresponding acetamides is also well documented [2]. Reduction of nitro ...
... Reduction of aromatic nitro compounds to corresponding amines is an extensively studied organic transformation [1]. Diverse reagents and reaction conditions have been developed for this purpose. Conversion of aromatic amines to corresponding acetamides is also well documented [2]. Reduction of nitro ...
IR handout
... or acyl halide. The an aldehyde may be confirmed with C-H absorption from 2840 to 2720 cm-1. 3. the O-H or N-H absorption between 3200 and 3600 cm-1. This indicates either an alcohol, N-H containing amine or amide, or carboxylic acid. For -NH2 a doublet will be observed. 4.the C-O absorption between ...
... or acyl halide. The an aldehyde may be confirmed with C-H absorption from 2840 to 2720 cm-1. 3. the O-H or N-H absorption between 3200 and 3600 cm-1. This indicates either an alcohol, N-H containing amine or amide, or carboxylic acid. For -NH2 a doublet will be observed. 4.the C-O absorption between ...
Part A Completion
... ________ 8. The half-cell that has a greater tendency to acquire electrons will be the one in which oxidation occurs. ________ 9. In an electrochemical cell, the hydrogen half-cell is the reduction half-cell. ________ 10. A positive value for a standard reduction potential means hydrogen ions have a ...
... ________ 8. The half-cell that has a greater tendency to acquire electrons will be the one in which oxidation occurs. ________ 9. In an electrochemical cell, the hydrogen half-cell is the reduction half-cell. ________ 10. A positive value for a standard reduction potential means hydrogen ions have a ...
Chapter Twenty-four
... • The branch of chemistry that deals with carbon compounds is organic chemistry. • Classes of organic compounds can be distinguished according to functional groups they contain. • A functional group is a group of atoms that is largely responsible for the chemical behavior of the parent molecule. • M ...
... • The branch of chemistry that deals with carbon compounds is organic chemistry. • Classes of organic compounds can be distinguished according to functional groups they contain. • A functional group is a group of atoms that is largely responsible for the chemical behavior of the parent molecule. • M ...
Review Sheet - Evergreen Archives
... Be able to explain why cholesterol is so important to the human body. Know the names of the human sex hormones. Be able to explain how female sex hormones are manipulated with birth control pills. Be able to explain how and why, chemically, ovulation occurs. Be able to explain how female sex hormone ...
... Be able to explain why cholesterol is so important to the human body. Know the names of the human sex hormones. Be able to explain how female sex hormones are manipulated with birth control pills. Be able to explain how and why, chemically, ovulation occurs. Be able to explain how female sex hormone ...
Gas-Phase Reactions of Fe (CH2O)+ and Fe (CH2S)+ with Small
... yielding a great deal of information on “intrinsic” properties, such as kinetics, thermochemistry, and reaction mechanisms in the absence of solvation and counterion effects.1 The reactions with simple hydrocarbons have been particularly important, because they are closely related to solution organo ...
... yielding a great deal of information on “intrinsic” properties, such as kinetics, thermochemistry, and reaction mechanisms in the absence of solvation and counterion effects.1 The reactions with simple hydrocarbons have been particularly important, because they are closely related to solution organo ...
Organic Chemistry
... Aromatic Hydrocarbons • Cyclic structures with alternating C–C and C=C bonds ...
... Aromatic Hydrocarbons • Cyclic structures with alternating C–C and C=C bonds ...
Carboxylic acids from primary alcohols and aldehydes by a
... carboxylic acids directly from primary alcohols and aldehydes and the results are reported here. Using only a catalytic (2 mol%) amount of pyridinium chlorochromate with 2.2 equivalents and 1.1 equivalents of H5IO6, for alcohols and aldehydes respectively, a clean and quantitative conversion of prim ...
... carboxylic acids directly from primary alcohols and aldehydes and the results are reported here. Using only a catalytic (2 mol%) amount of pyridinium chlorochromate with 2.2 equivalents and 1.1 equivalents of H5IO6, for alcohols and aldehydes respectively, a clean and quantitative conversion of prim ...
amine cured-epoxy matrices
... utilized as curing agents in epoxy matrices for high performance composites. This produces a heteropolymer consisting of epoxy molecules linked together through the reactive sites of the curing agent. Usually when it is stated that an epoxy matrix is amine cured, it is meant that the curing agent(s) ...
... utilized as curing agents in epoxy matrices for high performance composites. This produces a heteropolymer consisting of epoxy molecules linked together through the reactive sites of the curing agent. Usually when it is stated that an epoxy matrix is amine cured, it is meant that the curing agent(s) ...
Chapter 3
... • in primary, secondary, tertiary amines, the amine nitrogen is bonded to one, two, three alkyl groups • in primary, secondary, tertiary alcohols, the OH group is bonded to a primary, secondary, tertiary carbon • primary, secondary, tertiary carbons are connected to one, two, three alkyl groups ...
... • in primary, secondary, tertiary amines, the amine nitrogen is bonded to one, two, three alkyl groups • in primary, secondary, tertiary alcohols, the OH group is bonded to a primary, secondary, tertiary carbon • primary, secondary, tertiary carbons are connected to one, two, three alkyl groups ...
New Phenylglycine-Derived Primary Amine Organocatalysts for the
... anticipated by us that introducing sterically more demanding side chains through cyclohexylglycine or tert-leucine (amino alcohols 16–17) would enhance the enantioselectivity even further, a hypothesis obviously invalidated by experiment. Clearly, the presence of an aromatic moiety is crucial. Among ...
... anticipated by us that introducing sterically more demanding side chains through cyclohexylglycine or tert-leucine (amino alcohols 16–17) would enhance the enantioselectivity even further, a hypothesis obviously invalidated by experiment. Clearly, the presence of an aromatic moiety is crucial. Among ...
Chem 150 Unit 9 - Biological Molecules II
... systems. They represent the major form of chemical energy for both plants and animals. In plants they represent the end product of photosynthesis, and therefore connect all living systems to the sun’s sustaining light energy. Our discussion of carbohydrates will also introduce us to biopolymers, of ...
... systems. They represent the major form of chemical energy for both plants and animals. In plants they represent the end product of photosynthesis, and therefore connect all living systems to the sun’s sustaining light energy. Our discussion of carbohydrates will also introduce us to biopolymers, of ...
stereochemistry of internucleotide bond formation by the h
... stereoselectivity during condensing agents-promoted formation of an internucleotidic bond1,2. The activation of ribonucleoside H-phosphonates of type 1 with pivaloyl chloride yields two diastereomers (A and B, Fig. 1) of mixed anhydrides 2. These isomers have to exist in a rapid equilibrium to regen ...
... stereoselectivity during condensing agents-promoted formation of an internucleotidic bond1,2. The activation of ribonucleoside H-phosphonates of type 1 with pivaloyl chloride yields two diastereomers (A and B, Fig. 1) of mixed anhydrides 2. These isomers have to exist in a rapid equilibrium to regen ...
HILL12_Lecture_09
... substituted by chlorine, a chlorinated hydrocarbon is formed. Chlorinated hydrocarbons have many useful properties. Dichloromethane is used as a solvent and paint remover. Trichloromethane (chloroform) is also a solvent and at one time was used as an anesthetic. It is now considered hazardous. ...
... substituted by chlorine, a chlorinated hydrocarbon is formed. Chlorinated hydrocarbons have many useful properties. Dichloromethane is used as a solvent and paint remover. Trichloromethane (chloroform) is also a solvent and at one time was used as an anesthetic. It is now considered hazardous. ...
Amines and amides
... 2. Dropping the final –e of the parent name and adding the suffix –amine 3. Number the parent chain to give the amine carbon the lowest possible number 4. Name and number all substituents as usual ...
... 2. Dropping the final –e of the parent name and adding the suffix –amine 3. Number the parent chain to give the amine carbon the lowest possible number 4. Name and number all substituents as usual ...
Haloalkane
The haloalkanes (also known, as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of chemical compounds derived from alkanes containing one or more halogens. They are a subset of the general class of halocarbons, although the distinction is not often made. Haloalkanes are widely used commercially and, consequently, are known under many chemical and commercial names. They are used as flame retardants, fire extinguishants, refrigerants, propellants, solvents, and pharmaceuticals. Subsequent to the widespread use in commerce, many halocarbons have also been shown to be serious pollutants and toxins. For example, the chlorofluorocarbons have been shown to lead to ozone depletion. Methyl bromide is a controversial fumigant. Only haloalkanes which contain chlorine, bromine, and iodine are a threat to the ozone layer, but fluorinated volatile haloalkanes in theory may have activity as greenhouse gases. Methyl iodide, a naturally occurring substance, however, does not have ozone-depleting properties and the United States Environmental Protection Agency has designated the compound a non-ozone layer depleter. For more information, see Halomethane. Haloalkane or alkyl halides are the compounds which have the general formula ″RX″ where R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and X is a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I).Haloalkanes have been known for centuries. Chloroethane was produced synthetically in the 15th century. The systematic synthesis of such compounds developed in the 19th century in step with the development of organic chemistry and the understanding of the structure of alkanes. Methods were developed for the selective formation of C-halogen bonds. Especially versatile methods included the addition of halogens to alkenes, hydrohalogenation of alkenes, and the conversion of alcohols to alkyl halides. These methods are so reliable and so easily implemented that haloalkanes became cheaply available for use in industrial chemistry because the halide could be further replaced by other functional groups.While most haloalkanes are human-produced, non-artificial-source haloalkanes do occur on Earth, mostly through enzyme-mediated synthesis by bacteria, fungi, and especially sea macroalgae (seaweeds). More than 1600 halogenated organics have been identified, with bromoalkanes being the most common haloalkanes. Brominated organics in biology range from biologically produced methyl bromide to non-alkane aromatics and unsaturates (indoles, terpenes, acetogenins, and phenols). Halogenated alkanes in land plants are more rare, but do occur, as for example the fluoroacetate produced as a toxin by at least 40 species of known plants. Specific dehalogenase enzymes in bacteria which remove halogens from haloalkanes, are also known.