New insights into the mechanism of sorbitol transformation
... Traces: the compound is detected but its amount is lower than 0.005 mol mol−1. These observations indicate that sorbitol transformation produces first 1,4-anhydrosorbitol, then isosorbide, and finally oxygenated compounds, hydrocarbons, and CO2. The aim of this paper iswas to bring some new insights ...
... Traces: the compound is detected but its amount is lower than 0.005 mol mol−1. These observations indicate that sorbitol transformation produces first 1,4-anhydrosorbitol, then isosorbide, and finally oxygenated compounds, hydrocarbons, and CO2. The aim of this paper iswas to bring some new insights ...
Lecture - Ch 21
... – Acid chlorides are the most reactive because the electronegative chlorine withdraws electrons from the carbonyl carbon CHE2202, Chapter 21 – Amides are the least reactive Learn, 15 ...
... – Acid chlorides are the most reactive because the electronegative chlorine withdraws electrons from the carbonyl carbon CHE2202, Chapter 21 – Amides are the least reactive Learn, 15 ...
© John Congleton, Orange Coast College Organic Chemistry 220
... o Bulky bases and Hoffman products… o E2 reactions (anti-coplanar!, know mechanism, stereochemistry, etc…) o E1 reactions (know mechanism, stereochemistry, etc…) • Alkene synthesis via dehydration reactions o Know this mechanism Chapter 8: • What is an electrophile? • What is a nucleophile? • What i ...
... o Bulky bases and Hoffman products… o E2 reactions (anti-coplanar!, know mechanism, stereochemistry, etc…) o E1 reactions (know mechanism, stereochemistry, etc…) • Alkene synthesis via dehydration reactions o Know this mechanism Chapter 8: • What is an electrophile? • What is a nucleophile? • What i ...
CHAPTER 5
... PROBLEM 5.5 Female houseflies attract males by sending a chemical signal known as a pheromone. The substance emitted by the female housefly that attracts the male has been identified as cis-9-tricosene, C23H46. Write a structural formula, including stereochemistry, for this compound. ...
... PROBLEM 5.5 Female houseflies attract males by sending a chemical signal known as a pheromone. The substance emitted by the female housefly that attracts the male has been identified as cis-9-tricosene, C23H46. Write a structural formula, including stereochemistry, for this compound. ...
Oxidation of Diols and Ethers by NaBr03
... Hence, 33 was reacted in water to give 34 in 82% yield (Run 2). It is important that the oxidation proceeds satisfactorily in water, although the conventional oxidation by NaBr03 in the presence of HBr is carried out in CH2C12. The equimolar oxidation of 33 with NaBr03/NaHS03 gave 34 in moderate yie ...
... Hence, 33 was reacted in water to give 34 in 82% yield (Run 2). It is important that the oxidation proceeds satisfactorily in water, although the conventional oxidation by NaBr03 in the presence of HBr is carried out in CH2C12. The equimolar oxidation of 33 with NaBr03/NaHS03 gave 34 in moderate yie ...
research reviews Discovering new arene-catalyzed lithiations
... The carbolithiation of a carbon-carbon double bond consists of the addition of an organolithium reagent to an olefin, yielding a new organolithium intermediate having at least two more carbon atoms [50]. A significant advantage of this process is that the new organolithium can then react with an ele ...
... The carbolithiation of a carbon-carbon double bond consists of the addition of an organolithium reagent to an olefin, yielding a new organolithium intermediate having at least two more carbon atoms [50]. A significant advantage of this process is that the new organolithium can then react with an ele ...
Which is Aromatic?
... Double Helix is the Secondary Structure of DNA Two nucleic acid chains are held together by weak H-bonds between bases of opposite strands Wound into a helix with a common axis The base pairs are on the inside of the helix and the sugar-phosphate backbone is on the outside ...
... Double Helix is the Secondary Structure of DNA Two nucleic acid chains are held together by weak H-bonds between bases of opposite strands Wound into a helix with a common axis The base pairs are on the inside of the helix and the sugar-phosphate backbone is on the outside ...
organic problems - St. Olaf College
... A) Bromine is more reactive than chlorine and is able to attack the less reactive 3º C-H. B) Bromine atoms are less reactive (more selective) than chlorine, and preferentially attack the weaker 3º C-H bond. C) The methyl groups are more hindered to attack by the larger bromine atom. D) Bromination i ...
... A) Bromine is more reactive than chlorine and is able to attack the less reactive 3º C-H. B) Bromine atoms are less reactive (more selective) than chlorine, and preferentially attack the weaker 3º C-H bond. C) The methyl groups are more hindered to attack by the larger bromine atom. D) Bromination i ...
Chemistry 30 – Organic Chemistry
... Derivatives: Alcohols • Physical properties of alcohols • Because of the hydrogen bonding between OH groups in adjacent molecules, • alcohols have much higher boiling points than hydrocarbons (1-12 C’s are liquids at SATP) • small alcohols are totally miscible with water, but …………… ...
... Derivatives: Alcohols • Physical properties of alcohols • Because of the hydrogen bonding between OH groups in adjacent molecules, • alcohols have much higher boiling points than hydrocarbons (1-12 C’s are liquids at SATP) • small alcohols are totally miscible with water, but …………… ...
9851a doc..9851a chapter .. Page97
... TPAP catalysed oxidations with NMO as co-oxidant Investigations were initially conducted in the ionic liquid [bmim][BF4]. This ionic liquid was chosen because it is stable to air and moisture, as well as being simple and inexpensive to prepare.20 Control reactions were performed to verify that the i ...
... TPAP catalysed oxidations with NMO as co-oxidant Investigations were initially conducted in the ionic liquid [bmim][BF4]. This ionic liquid was chosen because it is stable to air and moisture, as well as being simple and inexpensive to prepare.20 Control reactions were performed to verify that the i ...
Organocatalysed asymmetric Mannich reactions
... reaction, analogous Mannich reactions in an asymmetric fashion.5 It was reported that a one-pot three-component reaction involving a ketone, aldehyde and a primary amine provided the desired Mannich product in enantiopure form. As an example, reaction of L-proline, p-nitrobenzaldehyde (4), acetone ( ...
... reaction, analogous Mannich reactions in an asymmetric fashion.5 It was reported that a one-pot three-component reaction involving a ketone, aldehyde and a primary amine provided the desired Mannich product in enantiopure form. As an example, reaction of L-proline, p-nitrobenzaldehyde (4), acetone ( ...
Microsoft Word - Ethesis@nitr
... Heteroaromatic compounds have attracted considerable attention in the design of biologically active molecules and advanced organic materials.1 Hence, a practical method for the preparation of such compounds is of great interest in synthetic organic chemistry. Pyrazole and its derivatives, a class of ...
... Heteroaromatic compounds have attracted considerable attention in the design of biologically active molecules and advanced organic materials.1 Hence, a practical method for the preparation of such compounds is of great interest in synthetic organic chemistry. Pyrazole and its derivatives, a class of ...
+ Br2, FeBr3 + Br2, FeBr3
... (b) What is the reactive electrophile in the above reaction? NO2+, nitronium ion. (c) If we used only pure (fuming) sulfuric acid, what would be the product(s)? mostly sulfonation of Cl benzene, both o and p, because SO3H+ becomes the superelectrophile and there is not as much protons for the dehydr ...
... (b) What is the reactive electrophile in the above reaction? NO2+, nitronium ion. (c) If we used only pure (fuming) sulfuric acid, what would be the product(s)? mostly sulfonation of Cl benzene, both o and p, because SO3H+ becomes the superelectrophile and there is not as much protons for the dehydr ...
Ch17 Lecture
... Treatment of an amide with water in the presence of an acid catalyst (HCl) forms a carboxylic acid and an amine salt. ...
... Treatment of an amide with water in the presence of an acid catalyst (HCl) forms a carboxylic acid and an amine salt. ...
Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
... As molecular weight increases for alcohols, they become more “alkanelike”. Long chain alcohols are less soluble in water and more soluble in nonpolar solvents, like benzene. ...
... As molecular weight increases for alcohols, they become more “alkanelike”. Long chain alcohols are less soluble in water and more soluble in nonpolar solvents, like benzene. ...
Chapter 23
... Number the longest chain from the end neared the multiple bond. The multiple bond is given the number of the first carbon atom involved in the multiple bond. This number is written in front of the alkene or alkyne name, separating the number from the name by a dash. Branched chains are named using ...
... Number the longest chain from the end neared the multiple bond. The multiple bond is given the number of the first carbon atom involved in the multiple bond. This number is written in front of the alkene or alkyne name, separating the number from the name by a dash. Branched chains are named using ...
Fluorine – A Vital Element in the Medicine Chest
... developed, and their availability has had a dramatic impact on the number of fluorinated molecules that have become available and that have been created by the pharmaceutical industry. Some of the most common fluorinating reagents are, in effect, sources of nucleophilic fluoride ions. This poses a c ...
... developed, and their availability has had a dramatic impact on the number of fluorinated molecules that have become available and that have been created by the pharmaceutical industry. Some of the most common fluorinating reagents are, in effect, sources of nucleophilic fluoride ions. This poses a c ...
HOMOLOGATION OF HETEROCYCLES BY A SEQUENTIAL REDUCTIVE OPENING LITHIATION – S
... Oxetanes (2) undergo reductive opening by means of alkali metals in the presence of an arene, but thietane itself or alkyl substituted thietanes are stable compounds towards the same reductive reagents because they are less strained heterocycles due to the longer carbonheteroatom bond distances. How ...
... Oxetanes (2) undergo reductive opening by means of alkali metals in the presence of an arene, but thietane itself or alkyl substituted thietanes are stable compounds towards the same reductive reagents because they are less strained heterocycles due to the longer carbonheteroatom bond distances. How ...
Rapid and Efficient Functionalized Ionic Liquid-Catalyzed
... [N2222][EtNHC3SO3] and 50 wt % water. To this end, we used the same amount of ethanol instead of water to get a homogeneous reaction solution. The result showed that the conversion for 4-nitrobenzaldehyde reached 98% under the same conditions. Interestingly, although the conversion is high, the sele ...
... [N2222][EtNHC3SO3] and 50 wt % water. To this end, we used the same amount of ethanol instead of water to get a homogeneous reaction solution. The result showed that the conversion for 4-nitrobenzaldehyde reached 98% under the same conditions. Interestingly, although the conversion is high, the sele ...
View/Open - AURA - Alfred University
... In an attempt to determine the scope of the PEDOT-mediated Ritter reaction, a number of alcohols were reacted with acetonitrile. Given that these reactions used acetonitrile as both the solvent and substrate, a new solvent was required in order to perform these reactions with a stoichiometric ratio ...
... In an attempt to determine the scope of the PEDOT-mediated Ritter reaction, a number of alcohols were reacted with acetonitrile. Given that these reactions used acetonitrile as both the solvent and substrate, a new solvent was required in order to perform these reactions with a stoichiometric ratio ...
1 1. (20 pts.) Draw the major product of each of the following
... 4. (4 pts. each, 20 pts. total) Undergraduate research assistant Bartholomew Humdinger wants to carry out each of the following reactions in the laboratory. Explain to him why each reaction WILL NOT WORK AS WRITTEN. (Bartholomew has a short attention span, so please restrict your answers to one or t ...
... 4. (4 pts. each, 20 pts. total) Undergraduate research assistant Bartholomew Humdinger wants to carry out each of the following reactions in the laboratory. Explain to him why each reaction WILL NOT WORK AS WRITTEN. (Bartholomew has a short attention span, so please restrict your answers to one or t ...
Naming Organic Compounds I
... terminal (end) hydrogen atom from straight-chain alkanes. It is also possible to generate a large number of branched alkyl groups by removing internal hydrogen atoms from alkanes. For example, there are two possible three-carbon alkyl groups and four possible four-carbon alkyl groups, as shown below ...
... terminal (end) hydrogen atom from straight-chain alkanes. It is also possible to generate a large number of branched alkyl groups by removing internal hydrogen atoms from alkanes. For example, there are two possible three-carbon alkyl groups and four possible four-carbon alkyl groups, as shown below ...
Carboxylic Acids
... A simpler (yet more expensive) way to make esters in the laboratory (not industrially) is to react an alcohol with an acid chloride. ...
... A simpler (yet more expensive) way to make esters in the laboratory (not industrially) is to react an alcohol with an acid chloride. ...
Haloalkane
The haloalkanes (also known, as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of chemical compounds derived from alkanes containing one or more halogens. They are a subset of the general class of halocarbons, although the distinction is not often made. Haloalkanes are widely used commercially and, consequently, are known under many chemical and commercial names. They are used as flame retardants, fire extinguishants, refrigerants, propellants, solvents, and pharmaceuticals. Subsequent to the widespread use in commerce, many halocarbons have also been shown to be serious pollutants and toxins. For example, the chlorofluorocarbons have been shown to lead to ozone depletion. Methyl bromide is a controversial fumigant. Only haloalkanes which contain chlorine, bromine, and iodine are a threat to the ozone layer, but fluorinated volatile haloalkanes in theory may have activity as greenhouse gases. Methyl iodide, a naturally occurring substance, however, does not have ozone-depleting properties and the United States Environmental Protection Agency has designated the compound a non-ozone layer depleter. For more information, see Halomethane. Haloalkane or alkyl halides are the compounds which have the general formula ″RX″ where R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and X is a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I).Haloalkanes have been known for centuries. Chloroethane was produced synthetically in the 15th century. The systematic synthesis of such compounds developed in the 19th century in step with the development of organic chemistry and the understanding of the structure of alkanes. Methods were developed for the selective formation of C-halogen bonds. Especially versatile methods included the addition of halogens to alkenes, hydrohalogenation of alkenes, and the conversion of alcohols to alkyl halides. These methods are so reliable and so easily implemented that haloalkanes became cheaply available for use in industrial chemistry because the halide could be further replaced by other functional groups.While most haloalkanes are human-produced, non-artificial-source haloalkanes do occur on Earth, mostly through enzyme-mediated synthesis by bacteria, fungi, and especially sea macroalgae (seaweeds). More than 1600 halogenated organics have been identified, with bromoalkanes being the most common haloalkanes. Brominated organics in biology range from biologically produced methyl bromide to non-alkane aromatics and unsaturates (indoles, terpenes, acetogenins, and phenols). Halogenated alkanes in land plants are more rare, but do occur, as for example the fluoroacetate produced as a toxin by at least 40 species of known plants. Specific dehalogenase enzymes in bacteria which remove halogens from haloalkanes, are also known.