The role of animal reservoirs in social– environmental landscapes
... have another protein-based receptor, as some paramyxoviruses do. Nevertheless, focus should be applied to the relationship between the viruses and the environment surrounding these reservoirs, which results in modifications in host–virus interactions (53, 58, 59). Regarding the origin of H18N11, phy ...
... have another protein-based receptor, as some paramyxoviruses do. Nevertheless, focus should be applied to the relationship between the viruses and the environment surrounding these reservoirs, which results in modifications in host–virus interactions (53, 58, 59). Regarding the origin of H18N11, phy ...
Evolving Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus in the United States
... The impact of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection on health and medical care in the United States is a major problem for infectious disease physicians. Although the incidence of HCV infection has declined markedly in the past 2 decades, chronic infection in 3 million or more residents now accounts for ...
... The impact of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection on health and medical care in the United States is a major problem for infectious disease physicians. Although the incidence of HCV infection has declined markedly in the past 2 decades, chronic infection in 3 million or more residents now accounts for ...
order - Justice.gov.uk
... From inmates. In 1996/7 the total number of positive HIV tests was 123, in a total population in excess of 60,000. There will, however, almost certainly have been others who were infected, but were not known. There is a risk of HIV spreading from inmate to inmate as a result of sexual intercourse, p ...
... From inmates. In 1996/7 the total number of positive HIV tests was 123, in a total population in excess of 60,000. There will, however, almost certainly have been others who were infected, but were not known. There is a risk of HIV spreading from inmate to inmate as a result of sexual intercourse, p ...
Network-based vaccination improves prospects for disease control
... overestimate the connectedness of the community during a time frame in which a pathogen is likely to spread. Close-contact diseases occurring in chimpanzees and humans typically have an infectious period that ranges from several days to a month (e.g. influenza: 2–3 days, Ebola: 4–11 days, measles: 6 ...
... overestimate the connectedness of the community during a time frame in which a pathogen is likely to spread. Close-contact diseases occurring in chimpanzees and humans typically have an infectious period that ranges from several days to a month (e.g. influenza: 2–3 days, Ebola: 4–11 days, measles: 6 ...
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)
... Once the immune system is weakened, other infections occur and AIDS develops (the fatal stage of HIV infection) ...
... Once the immune system is weakened, other infections occur and AIDS develops (the fatal stage of HIV infection) ...
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)
... prevalence is highest in sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia. Most people in these regions become infected with the hepatitis B virus during childhood and between 5–10% of the adult population are chronically infected. In the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent, an estimated 2–5% of the general pop ...
... prevalence is highest in sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia. Most people in these regions become infected with the hepatitis B virus during childhood and between 5–10% of the adult population are chronically infected. In the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent, an estimated 2–5% of the general pop ...
Control and prevention of emerging zoonoses
... incidence in humans has increased within the past two decades or whose incidence threatens to increase in the near future." Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States. Institute of Medicine, 1992. ...
... incidence in humans has increased within the past two decades or whose incidence threatens to increase in the near future." Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States. Institute of Medicine, 1992. ...
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
... percentage in buffaloes 65.36%(17:26), while in cattle showed the lowest seropositivity 4.7%(1:21). These results showed that buffaloes are more susceptable than cattle to the infection in this study. I. Introduction: Infectious bovine Rhinotraciatis1s(IBR) is caused by bovine herpes virus-1(BHV-1) ...
... percentage in buffaloes 65.36%(17:26), while in cattle showed the lowest seropositivity 4.7%(1:21). These results showed that buffaloes are more susceptable than cattle to the infection in this study. I. Introduction: Infectious bovine Rhinotraciatis1s(IBR) is caused by bovine herpes virus-1(BHV-1) ...
Feline Infectious Peritonitis - HousePaws In Home Veterinarian
... While coronaviruses in general are highly contagious, the number of exposed cats that actually contract FIP is low. In most cats, coronaviruses remain confined to the intestinal tract and will not cause FIP. It appears that a combination of virus mutation and a trigger within the cat (possibly with ...
... While coronaviruses in general are highly contagious, the number of exposed cats that actually contract FIP is low. In most cats, coronaviruses remain confined to the intestinal tract and will not cause FIP. It appears that a combination of virus mutation and a trigger within the cat (possibly with ...
Framework for the surveillance, prevention and control of dengue
... evidence available at the time of completion. This framework includes a national guideline for DENV infection (Appendix 2 DENV infection SoNG). The public health role of some local government is most often stated in terms of environmental health and engineering activities, for example waste manageme ...
... evidence available at the time of completion. This framework includes a national guideline for DENV infection (Appendix 2 DENV infection SoNG). The public health role of some local government is most often stated in terms of environmental health and engineering activities, for example waste manageme ...
the foundations of medical and veterinary virology
... silkworms, and finally between 1877 and 1895 by extending the concept to human and animal diseases. His early infectious disease work centered on septic war wounds; he then turned to anthrax and other bacterial diseases, and lastly to rabies. In each instance, he moved quickly from studies aimed at ...
... silkworms, and finally between 1877 and 1895 by extending the concept to human and animal diseases. His early infectious disease work centered on septic war wounds; he then turned to anthrax and other bacterial diseases, and lastly to rabies. In each instance, he moved quickly from studies aimed at ...
Acute Encephalitis
... (which will be discussed below), many other viruses can cause encephalitis, but in most cases, the encephalitis is milder, has fewer sequelae, and is associated with lower mortality rates (table 1). The enteroviruses (coxsackieviruses and echoviruses) are the commonest causes of acute viral meningit ...
... (which will be discussed below), many other viruses can cause encephalitis, but in most cases, the encephalitis is milder, has fewer sequelae, and is associated with lower mortality rates (table 1). The enteroviruses (coxsackieviruses and echoviruses) are the commonest causes of acute viral meningit ...
An Overview of Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Chickens Abbreviated t
... tissues does usually not manifest itself clinically but persists for long periods and results in ...
... tissues does usually not manifest itself clinically but persists for long periods and results in ...
... (which will be discussed below), many other viruses can cause encephalitis, but in most cases, the encephalitis is milder, has fewer sequelae, and is associated with lower mortality rates (table 1). The enteroviruses (coxsackieviruses and echoviruses) are the commonest causes of acute viral meningit ...
Comparison of nucleic acid-based detection of avian influenza
... particular situation. Genetic analysis with NASBA is one of the most sensitive and specific methods for typing and subtyping influenza viruses. HI and neuraminidase inhibition (NI) assays are commonly used to determine the subtype of influenza A viruses. However, the preparation of antisera used for HI ...
... particular situation. Genetic analysis with NASBA is one of the most sensitive and specific methods for typing and subtyping influenza viruses. HI and neuraminidase inhibition (NI) assays are commonly used to determine the subtype of influenza A viruses. However, the preparation of antisera used for HI ...
Genetic Strategy to Prevent Influenza Virus Infections in Animals
... The development and distribution of influenza-resistant poultry for the control of influenza in both poultry and human populations will be likely to face significant technical, logistical, and social challenges. First, technologies for producing influenza-resistant poultry have not been demonstrated ...
... The development and distribution of influenza-resistant poultry for the control of influenza in both poultry and human populations will be likely to face significant technical, logistical, and social challenges. First, technologies for producing influenza-resistant poultry have not been demonstrated ...
Shingles - Snohomish Health District
... in others is unknown. Shingles can appear many years after a person has had chickenpox. What causes shingles? Shingles is caused by the chickenpox virus that remains in the nerve roots of a person who had chickenpox. The virus can become active in your body again years later causing shingles. What a ...
... in others is unknown. Shingles can appear many years after a person has had chickenpox. What causes shingles? Shingles is caused by the chickenpox virus that remains in the nerve roots of a person who had chickenpox. The virus can become active in your body again years later causing shingles. What a ...
Full text in pdf format
... ABSTRACT: A new nucleic acid stain, SYBR Green I, can be used for the rapid and accurate determination of viral and bacterial abundances in diverse marine samples. We tested this stain with formalinpreserved samples of coastal water and also from depth profiles (to 800 m) from sites 19 and 190 km of ...
... ABSTRACT: A new nucleic acid stain, SYBR Green I, can be used for the rapid and accurate determination of viral and bacterial abundances in diverse marine samples. We tested this stain with formalinpreserved samples of coastal water and also from depth profiles (to 800 m) from sites 19 and 190 km of ...
Gastroenteritis and Food-Borne Disease in Elderly People Living in
... are still major gaps in our knowledge, particularly in regards to controlling noroviruses, the incidence and causes of specific infections, and sources of food-borne disease. The number of people aged 165 years is increasing globally [1, 2]. Elderly people may be vulnerable to gastroenteritis and fo ...
... are still major gaps in our knowledge, particularly in regards to controlling noroviruses, the incidence and causes of specific infections, and sources of food-borne disease. The number of people aged 165 years is increasing globally [1, 2]. Elderly people may be vulnerable to gastroenteritis and fo ...
Reoviruses - KSU Faculty Member websites
... 1959 to describe a group of viruses previously classified as enteric cytopathic human orphan (ECHO) virus type 10, but which was found to differ from the other echoviruses in several important aspects (e.g., size). In addition, the acronym “reo” was suggested to denote that these agents were isolate ...
... 1959 to describe a group of viruses previously classified as enteric cytopathic human orphan (ECHO) virus type 10, but which was found to differ from the other echoviruses in several important aspects (e.g., size). In addition, the acronym “reo” was suggested to denote that these agents were isolate ...
Bloodborne Pathogens, Universal Precautions Booklet
... pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, amniotic fluid, saliva in dental procedures, any body fluid that is visibly contaminated with blood, and all body fluids where it is difficult or impossible to differentiate between body fluids and OPIM. Transmission occurs when the blood, semen, vaginal fluids, ...
... pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, amniotic fluid, saliva in dental procedures, any body fluid that is visibly contaminated with blood, and all body fluids where it is difficult or impossible to differentiate between body fluids and OPIM. Transmission occurs when the blood, semen, vaginal fluids, ...
Landscape Epidemiology of Vector
... climate combine to delineate plant communities and therefore ecosystem structure. These biomes were first classified at a global scale in the early 1900s by Köppen, who proposed that climatic zones could be effectively defined by their resulting plant communities. This classification system was updated ...
... climate combine to delineate plant communities and therefore ecosystem structure. These biomes were first classified at a global scale in the early 1900s by Köppen, who proposed that climatic zones could be effectively defined by their resulting plant communities. This classification system was updated ...
Reoviruses - KSU Faculty Member websites
... 1959 to describe a group of viruses previously classified as enteric cytopathic human orphan (ECHO) virus type 10, but which was found to differ from the other echoviruses in several important aspects (e.g., size). In addition, the acronym “reo” was suggested to denote that these agents were isolate ...
... 1959 to describe a group of viruses previously classified as enteric cytopathic human orphan (ECHO) virus type 10, but which was found to differ from the other echoviruses in several important aspects (e.g., size). In addition, the acronym “reo” was suggested to denote that these agents were isolate ...
Appendix 2: Zika Virus Factsheet
... or male). Multiple instances of probable or confirmed sexual transmission have now been reported. To date almost all reports of sexual transmission have involved a symptomatic man30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, however, transmission from asymptomatic males to female sexual partners has also been reported,36 ...
... or male). Multiple instances of probable or confirmed sexual transmission have now been reported. To date almost all reports of sexual transmission have involved a symptomatic man30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, however, transmission from asymptomatic males to female sexual partners has also been reported,36 ...
(2010). Tobacco mild green mosaic virus in Impatiens and
... ornamentals has not been investigated/reported to date but such transmission may be possible based upon the mode of transmission of some of the related viruses in the same genus (tobamovirus) (see genus description; Brunt et al., 1996). 12. Describe the pathway(s) considered by this PRA6 The main pa ...
... ornamentals has not been investigated/reported to date but such transmission may be possible based upon the mode of transmission of some of the related viruses in the same genus (tobamovirus) (see genus description; Brunt et al., 1996). 12. Describe the pathway(s) considered by this PRA6 The main pa ...
Ebola virus disease
Ebola virus disease (EVD; also Ebola hemorrhagic fever, or EHF), or simply Ebola, is a disease of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. Then, vomiting, diarrhea and rash usually follow, along with decreased function of the liver and kidneys. At this time some people begin to bleed both internally and externally. The disease has a high risk of death, killing between 25 and 90 percent of those infected, with an average of about 50 percent. This is often due to low blood pressure from fluid loss, and typically follows six to sixteen days after symptoms appear.The virus spreads by direct contact with body fluids, such as blood, of an infected human or other animals. This may also occur through contact with an item recently contaminated with bodily fluids. Spread of the disease through the air between primates, including humans, has not been documented in either laboratory or natural conditions. Semen or breast milk of a person after recovery from EVD may still carry the virus for several weeks to months. Fruit bats are believed to be the normal carrier in nature, able to spread the virus without being affected by it. Other diseases such as malaria, cholera, typhoid fever, meningitis and other viral hemorrhagic fevers may resemble EVD. Blood samples are tested for viral RNA, viral antibodies or for the virus itself to confirm the diagnosis.Control of outbreaks requires coordinated medical services, alongside a certain level of community engagement. The medical services include rapid detection of cases of disease, contact tracing of those who have come into contact with infected individuals, quick access to laboratory services, proper healthcare for those who are infected, and proper disposal of the dead through cremation or burial. Samples of body fluids and tissues from people with the disease should be handled with special caution. Prevention includes limiting the spread of disease from infected animals to humans. This may be done by handling potentially infected bush meat only while wearing protective clothing and by thoroughly cooking it before eating it. It also includes wearing proper protective clothing and washing hands when around a person with the disease. No specific treatment or vaccine for the virus is available, although a number of potential treatments are being studied. Supportive efforts, however, improve outcomes. This includes either oral rehydration therapy (drinking slightly sweetened and salty water) or giving intravenous fluids as well as treating symptoms.The disease was first identified in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreaks, one in Nzara, and the other in Yambuku, a village near the Ebola River from which the disease takes its name. EVD outbreaks occur intermittently in tropical regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Between 1976 and 2013, the World Health Organization reports a total of 24 outbreaks involving 1,716 cases. The largest outbreak is the ongoing epidemic in West Africa, still affecting Guinea and Sierra Leone. {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|casesasof}}, this outbreak has {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|cases}} reported cases resulting in {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|deaths}} deaths.{{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|caserefs}}