Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease)
... Viral antigens can be detected in the bursa of Fabricius before anti-IBDV antibodies are elicited; this can be useful for early diagnosis. In the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test, a bursal homogenate is used as an antigen against a known positive antiserum. Antigen-capture enzymelinked immunosor ...
... Viral antigens can be detected in the bursa of Fabricius before anti-IBDV antibodies are elicited; this can be useful for early diagnosis. In the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test, a bursal homogenate is used as an antigen against a known positive antiserum. Antigen-capture enzymelinked immunosor ...
another threat on the
... The first symptomatic case of the Zika fever in a human was recorded in Nigeria in 1954 [18]. Until 2007 only 14 cases of the disease were confirmed worldwide [17]. The first outbreak of the Zika fever occurred in Micronesia (Yap Island) in 2007. During the outbreak Duffy et al. [17] collected blood ...
... The first symptomatic case of the Zika fever in a human was recorded in Nigeria in 1954 [18]. Until 2007 only 14 cases of the disease were confirmed worldwide [17]. The first outbreak of the Zika fever occurred in Micronesia (Yap Island) in 2007. During the outbreak Duffy et al. [17] collected blood ...
Foodborne Viruses - International Life Sciences Institute
... occurs regularly in adults. Asymptomatic infections are common. In addition, the majority of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in institutions such as nursing homes and hospitals is caused by NLV (Codex Alimentarius, 1999). Although it is not known what proportion of infections can be attributed to the c ...
... occurs regularly in adults. Asymptomatic infections are common. In addition, the majority of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in institutions such as nursing homes and hospitals is caused by NLV (Codex Alimentarius, 1999). Although it is not known what proportion of infections can be attributed to the c ...
THE ANIMAL HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTROL POSITION IN
... All farms in Denmark are registered in the national farm and Livestock register under the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries. The register contains a special section for veterinary matters including the name and address of the practising veterinarian at the farm. Animals in Danish herds mus ...
... All farms in Denmark are registered in the national farm and Livestock register under the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries. The register contains a special section for veterinary matters including the name and address of the practising veterinarian at the farm. Animals in Danish herds mus ...
Understanding Microbes in Sickness and in Health
... The story of “Typhoid Mary” is a famous example from medical history about how a person can pass germs to others, yet not be affected by those germs. The germs in this case were Salmonella typhi bacteria, which cause typhoid fever and are usually spread through food or water. In the early 20th centu ...
... The story of “Typhoid Mary” is a famous example from medical history about how a person can pass germs to others, yet not be affected by those germs. The germs in this case were Salmonella typhi bacteria, which cause typhoid fever and are usually spread through food or water. In the early 20th centu ...
Working with Zika and Usutu Viruses in Vitro
... infection with ZIKA typically presents as an acute febrile illness with fever, rash, headache, and ...
... infection with ZIKA typically presents as an acute febrile illness with fever, rash, headache, and ...
Infected With
... Exposures to infections such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C (HCV) are the most dreaded risks faced by health care workers around the world in the course of their duty. This puts them in the very same position as that of the patients and this may have a profo ...
... Exposures to infections such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C (HCV) are the most dreaded risks faced by health care workers around the world in the course of their duty. This puts them in the very same position as that of the patients and this may have a profo ...
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka, Bangalore
... A study was conducted at Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Biopolis, Singapore on early neutralizing IgG response to Chikungunya virus in infected patients targets a dominant linear epitope on the E2 glycoprotein. They studied the antibody response against th ...
... A study was conducted at Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Biopolis, Singapore on early neutralizing IgG response to Chikungunya virus in infected patients targets a dominant linear epitope on the E2 glycoprotein. They studied the antibody response against th ...
Mumps (Infectious parotitis)
... Past infection with mumps makes a person immune to mumps; most people born before 1957 most likely have already had mumps. In addition, people who receive two doses of the mumps vaccine are much less likely to be infected. The greatest risk of infection occurs among older children, adolescents, and ...
... Past infection with mumps makes a person immune to mumps; most people born before 1957 most likely have already had mumps. In addition, people who receive two doses of the mumps vaccine are much less likely to be infected. The greatest risk of infection occurs among older children, adolescents, and ...
Interim Guidelines for Preventing Spread of Severe Acute
... SARS may cough or sneeze droplets directly on themselves, others, or nearby surfaces. (Respiratory droplets do not remain suspended in the air and fall out onto surfaces or other people.) Person-toperson transmission can occur when a person touches a SARS patient or contaminated surface, contacts th ...
... SARS may cough or sneeze droplets directly on themselves, others, or nearby surfaces. (Respiratory droplets do not remain suspended in the air and fall out onto surfaces or other people.) Person-toperson transmission can occur when a person touches a SARS patient or contaminated surface, contacts th ...
FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS (FIP)
... can persist in the body of some cats for an indefinite period of time. With advancing age or drug-induced immunosuppression (FeLV infection or steroids), the FIP infection may again become active. TRANSMISSION The actual route by which feline coronavirus (FCoV) is spread is generally believed to be ...
... can persist in the body of some cats for an indefinite period of time. With advancing age or drug-induced immunosuppression (FeLV infection or steroids), the FIP infection may again become active. TRANSMISSION The actual route by which feline coronavirus (FCoV) is spread is generally believed to be ...
Histopathological and immunohistochemical diagnosis of infectious
... Materials and Methods: A total of 33 samples were collected from the six different poultry farms from Ludhiana and the nearby districts. Upon gross analysis of the necropsied birds, the relevant tissue samples such as bursa, kidney, junction of proventriculus and gizzard, heart, and muscles were the ...
... Materials and Methods: A total of 33 samples were collected from the six different poultry farms from Ludhiana and the nearby districts. Upon gross analysis of the necropsied birds, the relevant tissue samples such as bursa, kidney, junction of proventriculus and gizzard, heart, and muscles were the ...
Critical Role of Virion-Associated Cholesterol
... heparinase I were purchased from Sigma, and recombinant Bacillus cereus sphingomyelinase (SMase) was obtained from Higeta Shoyu (Tokyo, Japan). (1R,3R)N-(3-Hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-3-phenylpropyl) dodecanamide (HPA-12), which was synthesized as described elsewhere (24), was a gift from Shu Kobayashi ...
... heparinase I were purchased from Sigma, and recombinant Bacillus cereus sphingomyelinase (SMase) was obtained from Higeta Shoyu (Tokyo, Japan). (1R,3R)N-(3-Hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-3-phenylpropyl) dodecanamide (HPA-12), which was synthesized as described elsewhere (24), was a gift from Shu Kobayashi ...
Molecular Characterization and Detection of Infectious Bronchitis Virus
... This thesis deals with the molecular characterization and detection of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), an important pathogen that causes heavy losses in the poultry populations worldwide. The aim of the research was to better understand the molecular characteristics of the virus and to investigat ...
... This thesis deals with the molecular characterization and detection of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), an important pathogen that causes heavy losses in the poultry populations worldwide. The aim of the research was to better understand the molecular characteristics of the virus and to investigat ...
Feline Upper Respiratory Tract Pathogens
... for diagnosis, anatomic site sampled (conjunctival veralso be present in cats with acute infections. In young sus oropharyngeal), number of cats sampled, seasonal cats, damage to the upper respiratory tract epithelium variation of disease, and clinical criteria used to define a and osteolysis of the ...
... for diagnosis, anatomic site sampled (conjunctival veralso be present in cats with acute infections. In young sus oropharyngeal), number of cats sampled, seasonal cats, damage to the upper respiratory tract epithelium variation of disease, and clinical criteria used to define a and osteolysis of the ...
Evaluation of assay methods and false positive results in the
... Three different generations of HCV kits have been developed to date. The first generation HCV enzyme immunoassay detected only antibodies against non-structural region 4 (NS4) with recombinant antigen c100-3. First-generation anti-HCV reactives had relatively poor specifity and sensitivity. In the d ...
... Three different generations of HCV kits have been developed to date. The first generation HCV enzyme immunoassay detected only antibodies against non-structural region 4 (NS4) with recombinant antigen c100-3. First-generation anti-HCV reactives had relatively poor specifity and sensitivity. In the d ...
Case study: Investigation of an outbreak of
... her son (Case A) had tuberculosis (TB). The family members were being investigated as potential TB case contacts. However, the two deaths and the rapid onset of respiratory symptoms among hospital staff raised suspicion that there was something going on unrelated to TB. The categories of pathogens i ...
... her son (Case A) had tuberculosis (TB). The family members were being investigated as potential TB case contacts. However, the two deaths and the rapid onset of respiratory symptoms among hospital staff raised suspicion that there was something going on unrelated to TB. The categories of pathogens i ...
INFECTIOUS DISEASES CHILD CARE SCHOOL SETTINGS
... outbreak. Child care facilities are inspected routinely by either the state or local public health agency to ensure compliance with the health and sanitation regulations. These inspections are typically conducted by Environmental Health Specialists employed at the state/local public health agency. I ...
... outbreak. Child care facilities are inspected routinely by either the state or local public health agency to ensure compliance with the health and sanitation regulations. These inspections are typically conducted by Environmental Health Specialists employed at the state/local public health agency. I ...
Executive Summary/Abstract
... Monkeypox is a virus that health officials say has infected at least four people in the Midwest and possibly dozens more. Officials suspect they caught the illness from exposure to pet prairie dogs. The disease has never before been reported in the Western Hemisphere. It is usually found in remote v ...
... Monkeypox is a virus that health officials say has infected at least four people in the Midwest and possibly dozens more. Officials suspect they caught the illness from exposure to pet prairie dogs. The disease has never before been reported in the Western Hemisphere. It is usually found in remote v ...
GIDSAS
... Monkeypox is a virus that health officials say has infected at least four people in the Midwest and possibly dozens more. Officials suspect they caught the illness from exposure to pet prairie dogs. The disease has never before been reported in the Western Hemisphere. It is usually found in remote v ...
... Monkeypox is a virus that health officials say has infected at least four people in the Midwest and possibly dozens more. Officials suspect they caught the illness from exposure to pet prairie dogs. The disease has never before been reported in the Western Hemisphere. It is usually found in remote v ...
- Wiley Online Library
... [83]. Such outbreaks have already been described in forces on duty [198–202] Tularemia, a zoonotic disease caused by the highly infective, virulent, non-sporulating Gram-negative coccobacillus Francisella tularensis, is found throughout most of the northern hemisphere in a wide range of animal reser ...
... [83]. Such outbreaks have already been described in forces on duty [198–202] Tularemia, a zoonotic disease caused by the highly infective, virulent, non-sporulating Gram-negative coccobacillus Francisella tularensis, is found throughout most of the northern hemisphere in a wide range of animal reser ...
Black Death Ian Pearce May 2009 1 Black Death
... there was an infectious period of about 20 days before the appearance of symptoms. Once symptoms appeared, death followed within five days. The infectious period before any symptoms appear is much longer than for most diseases, and explains why the plague spread so relentlessly. A traveller might co ...
... there was an infectious period of about 20 days before the appearance of symptoms. Once symptoms appeared, death followed within five days. The infectious period before any symptoms appear is much longer than for most diseases, and explains why the plague spread so relentlessly. A traveller might co ...
Climate change impacts on West Nile virus transmission in a global
... reservoir hosts and competent mosquito vectors, mosquito host preference and availability of hosts [12]. Most human infections occur in the summer or early autumn [24]. West Nile fever (WNF) is a potentially serious illness for humans and approximately 1 in 150 infected people develop a serious illn ...
... reservoir hosts and competent mosquito vectors, mosquito host preference and availability of hosts [12]. Most human infections occur in the summer or early autumn [24]. West Nile fever (WNF) is a potentially serious illness for humans and approximately 1 in 150 infected people develop a serious illn ...
Tempo and mode of inhibitor–mutagen antiviral therapies: A
... pathogen. Many different ways to encode genomic information (ds- and ssRNA and different polarities) and a repertoire of replicating strategies have been selected by different RNA viruses. Hence, the knowledge gained for a particular virus may not be extrapolated to other systems, although suitable ...
... pathogen. Many different ways to encode genomic information (ds- and ssRNA and different polarities) and a repertoire of replicating strategies have been selected by different RNA viruses. Hence, the knowledge gained for a particular virus may not be extrapolated to other systems, although suitable ...
Rabies virus
... deaths by 2030 was launched by WHO and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO) and the Global Alliance for Rabies Control. This initiative marks the first time that the human and animal health sectors have co ...
... deaths by 2030 was launched by WHO and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO) and the Global Alliance for Rabies Control. This initiative marks the first time that the human and animal health sectors have co ...
Ebola virus disease
Ebola virus disease (EVD; also Ebola hemorrhagic fever, or EHF), or simply Ebola, is a disease of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. Then, vomiting, diarrhea and rash usually follow, along with decreased function of the liver and kidneys. At this time some people begin to bleed both internally and externally. The disease has a high risk of death, killing between 25 and 90 percent of those infected, with an average of about 50 percent. This is often due to low blood pressure from fluid loss, and typically follows six to sixteen days after symptoms appear.The virus spreads by direct contact with body fluids, such as blood, of an infected human or other animals. This may also occur through contact with an item recently contaminated with bodily fluids. Spread of the disease through the air between primates, including humans, has not been documented in either laboratory or natural conditions. Semen or breast milk of a person after recovery from EVD may still carry the virus for several weeks to months. Fruit bats are believed to be the normal carrier in nature, able to spread the virus without being affected by it. Other diseases such as malaria, cholera, typhoid fever, meningitis and other viral hemorrhagic fevers may resemble EVD. Blood samples are tested for viral RNA, viral antibodies or for the virus itself to confirm the diagnosis.Control of outbreaks requires coordinated medical services, alongside a certain level of community engagement. The medical services include rapid detection of cases of disease, contact tracing of those who have come into contact with infected individuals, quick access to laboratory services, proper healthcare for those who are infected, and proper disposal of the dead through cremation or burial. Samples of body fluids and tissues from people with the disease should be handled with special caution. Prevention includes limiting the spread of disease from infected animals to humans. This may be done by handling potentially infected bush meat only while wearing protective clothing and by thoroughly cooking it before eating it. It also includes wearing proper protective clothing and washing hands when around a person with the disease. No specific treatment or vaccine for the virus is available, although a number of potential treatments are being studied. Supportive efforts, however, improve outcomes. This includes either oral rehydration therapy (drinking slightly sweetened and salty water) or giving intravenous fluids as well as treating symptoms.The disease was first identified in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreaks, one in Nzara, and the other in Yambuku, a village near the Ebola River from which the disease takes its name. EVD outbreaks occur intermittently in tropical regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Between 1976 and 2013, the World Health Organization reports a total of 24 outbreaks involving 1,716 cases. The largest outbreak is the ongoing epidemic in West Africa, still affecting Guinea and Sierra Leone. {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|casesasof}}, this outbreak has {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|cases}} reported cases resulting in {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|deaths}} deaths.{{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|caserefs}}