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THE ANIMAL HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTROL POSITION IN DENMARK 1998 DANISH VETERINARY AND FOOD ADMINISTRATION VETERINARY SERVICE Rolighedsvej 25, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C Telephone: +45 33 95 60 00 Telefax: +45 35 36 19 12 E-mail: [email protected] 2 CO N TE N TS Page I INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 3 II THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM IN DENMARK .............. 4 III ................................................................... LIVESTOCK DISEASE POSITION, 1998 ........................................................................................................................................ 7 LIST A DISEASES ...................................................................................................... 7 LIST B DISEASES ...................................................................................................... 8 MULTIPLE SPECIES DISEASES ...................................................................... 8 CATTLE DISEASES ........................................................................................... 10 SHEEP AND GOAT DISEASES ..........................................................................14 HORSE DISEASES ..............................................................................................15 PIG DISEASES .................................................................................................. 17 POULTRY DISEASES ........................................................................................ 19 LAGOMORPH DISEASES ................................................................................ 20 FISH DISEASES ................................................................................................ 21 MOLLUSC DISEASES ...................................................................................... 22 BEE DISEASES ................................................................................................. 23 DISEASES OF OTHER ANIMAL SPECIES ................................................... 24 OTHER DISEASES ............................................................................................. 24 IV FEATURES RELATED TO LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ....................................... 25 V DANISH VETERINARY AND FOOD ADMINISTRATION ORGANISATION ............................................................................................... DANISH VETERINARY SERVICE .................................................................. STAFF ................................................................................................................. PRIVATE TELEPHONE NO'S FOR EMERGENCY CALLS ........................... 26 27 28 31 3 I INTRODUCTION The purpose of this report is to provide information on the animal health and disease situation in Denmark during 1998, and on control measures against diseases in livestock, bees, aquaculture animals and companion animals and against zoonotic diseases. The terminology and classification of diseases in mammals, birds and bees used in the report are those used in the O.I.E. International Animal Health Code. The fish and mollusc diseases are those listed in part one of the joint FAO/OIE/WHO Questionnaire which forms the basis of the tables in the O.I.E. World Animal Health. List A Diseases refer to diseases which are immediately reported to the O.I.E. List B Diseases are diseases which are normally reported to the O.I.E. once a year. Erik Stougaard Chief Veterinary Officer 4 II THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM IN DENMARK The main pillar in the epidemiological surveillance is the system of notifiability of animal diseases which in Denmark is laid down in Act No. 814 of 21 December 1988 on Diseases in Domestic Animals (Animal Health Act). In case of suspicion of a notifiable disease the farmer must immediately call a veterinarian, who in turn must notify the district veterinary officer of the Veterinary Service. Besides being obliged by the Animal Health Act the practising veterinarian in Denmark is also obliged by Act No. 58 of 4 March 1964 on veterinary service and practice. The Veterinary Service has two reference laboratories: The Danish Veterinary Institute for Virus Research and the Danish Veterinary Laboratory. When exotic viral diseases in cloven-hoofed animals are suspected, the district veterinary officer must react in accordance with the national contingency plans for exotic diseases: K. immediately visit the farm, l) collect relevant material and dispatch it by air or by car to the Danish Veterinary Institute for Virus Research. Each year up to ten samples are sent to the Danish Veterinary Institute for Virus Research due to suspicion of some exotic disease. The Danish Veterinary Institute for Virus Research is competent in diagnosing most exotic diseases and has a close collaboration with virus institutes in other EU countries. The institute is open for receiving material for examination 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and serves in its diagnostic capacity also Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland. The Danish Veterinary Laboratory is the reference laboratory for notifiable bacterial and parasitic diseases and for all poultry diseases, and it is both national and EU reference laboratory for fish diseases. Information about the animal health situation in the EU is given to the district veterinary officers after each meeting of the Standing Veterinary Committee, and the practising veterinarians are kept informed by regular messages from the Veterinary Service. Exercises on disease eradication are carried out every other or every third year. Staff from the Veterinary Service, the Danish Veterinary Institute for Virus Research, the Danish Veterinary Laboratory and the district 5 veterinary officers are regularly asked to give lectures on disease awareness, notification, prevention and eradication. Lectures are given at the Royal Veterinary University, agricultural schools, at meetings in local veterinary associations and farmers associations, etc. All farms in Denmark are registered in the national farm and Livestock register under the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries. The register contains a special section for veterinary matters including the name and address of the practising veterinarian at the farm. Animals in Danish herds must be identified in accordance with Council Directive 92/102/EEC, implemented in Danish legislation by Order No. 1073 of 15 December 1994 on identification and registration of cattle, pigs, sheep and goats, and Order No. 982 of 21 November 1996 on registration of herds and other holdings of animals in the Central Register for Domestic Animals (CHR). According to the first mentioned order the farmers are obliged to register all movements of cloven-hoofed animals to and from their herd. In accordance with Council Regulation (EC) No. 820/97 establishing a system for the identification and registration of bovine animals and regarding the labelling of beef and beef products, the farmers are obliged to register all cattle by the number of their eartags and all movements of cattle to and from their herd from the 1 January 1998. These movements are to be registered in CHR. According to the same Council Regulation all calves born after the 1 January 1998 have to have two eartags, one in each ear. This was implemented in Danish legislation by Order No. 678 of 25 August 1997 on identification, registration and movements of cattle, pigs, sheep and goats, replacing Order No. 1073 of 15 December 1994. In addition the following regulations animals have been implemented: Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2628/97 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of Council Regulation No. 820/97 as regards the application of minimum administrative sanctions in the framework of the system for the identification and registration of bovine animals, Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2629/97 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No. 820/97 as regards eartags, holding registers and passports in the framework of the system for the identification and registration of bovine animals, and Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2630/97 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of Council Regulation No. 820/97 as regards the application of minimum administrative sanctions in the framework of the system for the identification and registration of bovine . Cattle and pig dealers are registered by the Veterinary Service and are obliged to keep records of all movements of cloven-hoofed animals. This obligation has existed for several years laid down in an Order issued by the Danish Veterinary Service. In 1995 the said order was replaced by Order No. 603 of 13 July 1995. 6 All markets and auctions for Livestock in Denmark are under the supervision of the district veterinary officer. All animals entering a market or an auction are examined and inspected by the veterinarian responsible for the market/auction. The veterinarian responsible for the market/auction is either one of the assistants to the district veterinary officer or an appointed part-time veterinary officer. All bull and boar stations (semen collection centres) in Denmark are approved in accordance with EC legislation and under the supervision of the district veterinary officer. An appointed part-time veterinary officer is responsible for the day-to-day compliance at the semen collection centre with the EC requirements in question. Production of day old birds of hens, turkeys, ducks and geese in connection with hatcheries with a capacity of more than 1,000 eggs is under routine supervision by district veterinary officers and appointed part-time veterinarians. Since 1924 the Danish rendering plants have been under the supervision of the Veterinary Service. In practice rendering plants are supervised by the district veterinary officer, and an appointed parttime veterinary officer carries out the regular control of the processing hygiene and issues certificates in connection with exports. With the exception of a low number of animals slaughtered on the farm for the farmers own consumption, all animals slaughtered at Danish slaughterhouses approved for the national market, as well as export-authorized slaughterhouses are controlled by veterinarians. All animals in Danish slaughterhouses are inspected ante-mortem and post-mortem in accordance with international rules. At export slaughterhouses the staff is full-time employed by the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, while at small local slaughterhouses the inspection is carried out by an appointed part-time special veterinary officer. 7 III LIVESTOCK DISEASE POSITION, 1998 LIST A DISEASES Definition: List A diseases are transmissible diseases which have the potential for very serious and rapid spread, irrespective of national borders, which are of serious socio-economic or public health consequence, and which are of major importance in the international trade of animals and animal products. The following List A diseases have not occurred during 1998; the year of last outbreak is given between brackets: Foot and mouth disease Vesicular stomatitis Swine vesicular disease Rinderpest Peste des petits ruminants Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia Lumpy skin disease Rift Valley fever Bluetongue Sheep pox and goat pox African horse sickness African swine fever Classical swine fever (hog cholera) Fowl plague (1983) (never recorded) (never recorded) (1782) (never recorded) (1886) (never recorded) (never recorded) (never recorded) (1879) (never recorded) (never recorded) (1933) (never recorded) To ascertain that subclinical cases of classical swine fever and swine vesicular disease do not occur in the Danish pig population, serological surveys were carried out on 29,230 and 8,075 blood samples, respectively. The surveys for antibodies against classical swine fever virus and swine vesicular disease virus were carried out by using the ELISA-test. NEWCASTLE DISEASE Two outbreaks of Newcastle disease were confirmed 27 February 1998. Newcastle disease virus with an intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) 1,84 and 1,75 respectively was isolated by the Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Aarhus. The two outbreaks occurred in two neighbouring turkey farms - in Western Sealand County - that housed in total 140,000 turkeys reared for slaughter. Outbreak No. 98/01 involved 11 stables housing 95,000 turkeys 2-17 weeks of age. Outbreak No. 98/02 involved 4 stables housing 45,000 turkeys 8-9 weeks of age. th The turkeys were all killed on the 5 of March and transported 8 directly to an authorised rendering plant. The processing of the material was carried out in compliance with the EU regulations for treatment of high risk material and was completed within 3 days. The process of cleaning and disinfection of the premises was initiated immediately after the removal of the carcasses. Due to the size of the stables involved the process of cleaning and disinfection was a huge task and a general strike in Denmark also had a negative impact. Therefore, the final approval of the cleaning and disinfection could not take place until 23 June. At the day of confirmation of the two outbreaks a protection zone (3 km radius) and a surveillance zone (10 km radius) were established, cp. attached map. The zones around the two outbreaks were largely confluent as the distance between the two neighbouring farms was app. 1 km. In accordance with EU regulations (Council directive 92/66/EEC) the protection zone was lifted 21 days after the final approval of the cleaning and disinfection of the affected premises, while the surveillance zone was lifted 30 days after the said approval, i.e. 23 July. Despite thorough epidemiological investigations it was not possible to establish the source of infection, however there was no indication of spread of the disease from the infected premises. In 1998 9,268 bloodsamples from commercial holdings were tested negative for Newcastle disease as part of the Danish routine monitoring programme for Newcastle disease. LIST B DISEASES Definition: List B diseases are transmissible diseases which are considered to be of socio-economic and/or public health importance within countries, and which are significant in the international trade of animals and animal products. MULTIPLE SPECIES DISEASES ANTHRAX Anthrax has not been diagnosed during 1998, the disease was last diagnosed in 1988 when it reappeared with two cases for the first time since 1980. AUJESZKY'S DISEASE In December 1992 Denmark was recognized as free from Aujeszky's disease by the EEC (Commission Decision 93/24/EEC). No outbreaks or seroreactions of Aujeszky's disease were recorded 9 during 1998. Monitoring to ensure continued freedom was carried out on blood samples from slaughterhouses. All breeding boars, boars over 140 kgs (live weight) and 10% of the sows were tested before slaughter or export in the southern parts of the country. In the rest of the country 10% of the boars and 5% of the sows were tested. In 1998 a total of 34,979 boars and sows were tested. The Aujeszky's disease control and eradication programme was described in the 1989 and 1992-editions of this publication. ECHINOCOCCOSIS-HYDATIDOSIS Hydatid cysts have not been recorded in 1998. HEARTWATER Has never been recorded. LEPTOSPIROSIS Serological examinations of bovine and porcine sera indicate a low incidence of infection. No clinical cases have been reported in 1998. Q FEVER Has not been recorded during 1998. RABIES Since March 1982 sylvatic rabies has not been recorded. However, in September 1985 bat-rabies was diagnosed for the first time in Denmark. Since then a surveillance programme for bat-rabies has been running. The pro-gramme includes cases, where rabies is suspected. Under this programme 46 bats were submitted for examination during 1998. Rabies was diagnosed in twelve of these. 42 specimens from mammals other than bats (ten cats, three dogs, twelve foxes, three mice, two martens, one squirrel, four sheep, four cattle, two goats and one horse) were submitted during 1998. Bat rabies was diagnosed in three sheep, the rest of the specimens were examined with negative results. PARATUBERCULOSIS (JOHNE'S DISEASE) The disease is not controlled officially, but since 1979 it has been possible for owners of cattle herds with clinical problems to use vaccination, subject to permission from the Veterinary Service. In 1998 81 herds have had permission to vaccinate, 6 new permissions were given during the year. 10 Paratuberculosis has never been diagnosed in sheep in Denmark. In May 1996 the infection was diagnosed in a sample from one goat. SCREWWORM (COCHLIOMYIA HOMINIVORAX) Has never been recorded. 11 CATTLE DISEASES ANAPLASMOSIS Has never been recorded. BABESIOSIS The occurrence is low, and the disease seems confined to certain areas. BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS (B. ABORTUS) In 1959 all cattle herds were registered as free from brucellosis, and in 1962 the last outbreak was dealt with. According to EEC Commission Decision 79/837/EEC all Danish cattle herds are regarded as officially free from brucellosis as long as the country remains free from clinical outbreaks. Bovine brucellosis in sheep has not been diagnosed since 1959. BOVINE GENITAL CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS (VIBRIOSIS) In accordance with Council Directive 88/407/EEC all bulls must be tested with negative results for Campylobacter fetus in the isolation accommodation before entering the approved semen collection centre, and all bulls in semen production at the semen collection centre are tested at least once a year. In 1998 all tests were negative. BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS (Mycobacterium bovis) Bovine tuberculosis in cattle In 1959 all cattle herds were registered as free from tuberculosis. The last case of bovine tuberculosis in cattle was diagnosed in 1988. According to EEC Commission Decision 80/984/EEC all Danish cattle herds are regarded as officially free from tuberculosis. Monitoring is done through meat inspection. Routine tuberculosis tests of cattle are not carried out. Bovine tuberculosis in farmed deer In January 1998 there were 645 establishments with farmed deer in Denmark. 12 In 1988 bovine tuberculosis was diagnosed in farmed fallow deer. The herd in question was found to be heavily affected, and all animals were destroyed. A national programme for eradication of bovine tuberculosis in farmed deer was initiated, and during 1988-89 another 12 herds were found to be infected. One herd was found in 1991, one in 1993 and yet another one in 1994, making a total of 16 infected deer herds. Restrictions have been lifted on all 16 infected premises, and at present no herds are considered infected. In January 1998, 555 herds had status as TB free after three clear tuberculin herd tests, 88 were registered as undergoing routine veterinary examination of all slaughtered or dead animals and two herds had not yet finished the routine test programme and were thus technically of unknown TB status. CYSTICERCOSIS (C. BOVIS) The disease exists, but has a low sporadic occurrence. DERMATOPHILOSIS Has not been recorded. ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) has been a notifiable disease since 1959, and a control programme was started the same year. The programme has been described in detail in earlier editions of this publication. In 1989 a few seropositive animals were identified in five herds, since then no new reactors have been found. All herds have been declared free according to EEC rules. As a result of the control programme the country was declared free from EBL according to EEC rules as from July 1991. The monitoring by testing bulk milk samples and blood samples collected at slaughterhouses continues. HAEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA Has never been recorded. INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS (IBR/IPV) In December 1992 Denmark was recognized as free from IBR by EEC Commission Decision 93/42/EEC. National control measures for the prevention of spread of the 13 infection were implemented in April 1984. As from February 1991 the infection was considered eradicated. Monitoring of all herds is carried out on bulk milk samples and on blood samples from slaughterhouses. The same samples are also used for enzootic bovine leukosis monitoring. Number of herds found infected and again declared free after total or partial slaughter: five in 1991, three in 1992, 14 in 1993 and two in 1994. In 1995, 61 herds were found infected. Most of them were beef herds infected in connection with an outbreak caused by spreading of the infection from a traders herd. In 1996, six herds were found infected all except one near the Danish/German border. In 1997, two herds were found infected, one of them a herd of buffaloes. Both are declared free. THEILERIOSIS Has never been recorded. TRICHOMONIASIS Trichomoniasis has not been recorded during 1998. The disease was not diagnosed in Denmark from 1950 to the end of 1990, when Trichomonas foetus was isolated from a bull, which was kept in the isolation barn of a bull station. TRYPANOSOMIASIS (TSETSE-BORNE) Has never been recorded. BOVINE MALIGNANT CATARRH The disease exists, but has an exceptional occurrence. Very few clinical cases are diagnosed in cattle mainly when kept together with sheep. BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY (BSE) No case of BSE has occurred since August 1992. Tenth August 1992 BSE was diagnosed in a 5 year old Highland Cattle cow imported into Denmark from the United Kingdom in 1988. The clinical suspicion arose 8 July and no animals were allowed to be removed from the premises. The herd consisted of two separate flocks - in total 25 bulls, cows, heifers and calves. The affected cow was killed 14 July after having shown increasing nervous signs including incoordinated movements, nasal discharge, salivation, re- 14 luctance to eat, difficulties to drink and changed behaviour in general for about 10 days, she had, however, been loosing weight since January. After collection of brain material for laboratory examination at the Danish Veterinary Laboratory the carcass was buried on the spot. The diagnosis was confirmed by the Central Veterinary Laboratory, Weybridge. Some nervous signs, salivation and weightloss were observed in another cow imported from another herd in the United Kingdom in 1989. The histological examination of brain material from this cow showed no evidence of BSE. No other animal in the herd showed any clinical signs. The affected animal as well as her offspring had remained in the importing herd. All cattle on the affected farm were moved to the Danish Veterinary Institute for Virus Research, Lindholm, to be killed and incinerated. 15 Thorough cleansing and disinfection of the premises was carried out and grass fields were ploughed. Based on information from the veterinary authorities in UK, it was established that the cow prior to exportation had access to meat and bone meal containing ruminant protein and associated with other cases of BSE in Scotland. The ban on feeding ruminant protein to ruminants was not introduced in UK until July 1988, and the exportation took place in June 1988. Scrapie has never occurred in Denmark, and meat and bone meal has not been imported from UK for many years. Since 1924 all rendering plants are supervised and inspected by Veterinary Officers appointed by the Veterinary Service performing daily inspections for hygiene and processing (temperature). Since March 1990 live bovine animals have not been imported from United Kingdom, as the only import possible from United Kingdom until 1996 according to EU-rules i.e. calves under 6 months of age, did not take place. Since June 1990 a ban on feeding ruminant protein to ruminants has been in force in Denmark. In January 1997 this ban was extended to feeding mammalian protein to ruminants. BSE is a notifiable disease in Denmark. Farmers and veterinarians have been thoroughly informed about the symptoms on BSE, and special attention has been drawn to imported cattle. Diagnostic capabilities for BSE are available at the Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Copenhagen. Thus, the occurrence of BSE in Denmark is without doubt due to importation of an already infected cow, and the Danish cattle population is still considered free of BSE. Due to the debate about BSE it was decided that all bovine animals, which in the past had been imported from the United Kingdom, shall be killed and incinerated when these animals - all of beef breeds have finished their production. Compensation is paid by the public. All of these animals, in total 220, were identified and eartagged, and a ban on moving these animals off the farm except with permission from the Veterinary Service was issued in April 1996. At the end of 1998, 91 of these animals were still in Danish herds. In accordance with EC Commission Decision of 23 April 1998 on epidemiological surveillance for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and amending decision 94/474/EC (98/272/EC) the surveillance was reinforced by issue of Order No. 356 of 17 June 1998 on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and scrapie. Further instructions were given to the district veterinary officers, official veterinarians at the slaughterhouses and practising veterinarians. In case of suspicion of BSE or scrapie the head of the suspicious animal is sent to the Danish Veterinary Laboratory for examination. The body is transported directly and separately to a rendering plant and 16 pending the result of the laboratory examination the body is seized by the official veterinarian at the plant. The herd is closed off by the district veterinary officer, who can permit animals to go directly to a slaughterhouse for emergency slaughter. Pending the result of the laboratory examination the carcase and organs from the slaughtered animals are seized by the official veterinarian at the slaughterhouse. Compensation is paid by the Danish Veterinary Service for animals killed on suspicion. During 1998 the following laboratory examinations for BSE were carried out - all with negative results: 24 heads of bovines were examined due to clinical signs of central nervous disorders. In addition 36 heads from cattle imported from United Kingdom prior to March 1990 were examined when killed after having finished their production. In view of the above mentioned Denmark is considered free of BSE and meat of Danish origin as well as meatproducts produced from beef of Danish origin can be considered as free of any risk of transmitting BSE. SHEEP AND GOAT DISEASES BRUCELLA OVIS INFECTION Has never been recorded. CAPRINE AND OVINE BRUCELLOSIS (B. MELITENSIS) Has never been recorded. Denmark has been declared free from B. Melitensis by Commission Decision 93/52/EEC. In 1997 7,153 bloodsamples from the voluntary Maedi-Visna control programme were tested for B. melitensis without finding any seroreactions. CAPRINE ARTHRITIS/ENCEPHALITIS The disease, which has an enzootic occurrence, is mostly recorded as serological findings, as it is included in the voluntary maedi-visna control programme (cf. below). CONTAGIOUS AGALACTIA Has never been recorded. 17 CONTAGIOUS CAPRINE PLEUROPNEUMONIA Has never been recorded. ENZOOTIC ABORTION OF EWES Has not been recorded during 1998. PULMONARY ADENOMATOSIS Has been recorded in 1 herd in 1998. March 1997 pulmonary adenomatosis was diagnosed in two imported sheep, killed and examined due to other diseases. The imported sheep were split up into four flocks and distributed to four owners. Three of the flocks were killed and destroyed. The last flock is under permanent control by the Veterinary Service. The disease was recorded in 1 animal in this herd in 1998. NAIROBI SHEEP DISEASE Has never been recorded. SALMONELLOSIS (S. ABORTUS OVIS) Has never been recorded. SCRAPIE Scrapie has never been recorded in Denmark. Scrapie has been notifiable since 1990. During 1998 the following laboratory examinations for scrapie were carried out - all with negative result: 18 heads of sheep and 14 heads of goats were examined due to clinical signs of central nervous disorders. In addition heads from 84 sheep and 6 goats - age of 3 years or more - were submitted for examination in connection with trade with other member states, cp. EC Council Directive 91/68/EEC. MAEDI-VISNA A voluntary control programme has existed since 1979. The programme is run by the agricultural organizations. At the moment approximately 2,500 herds of sheep and goats have free status. HORSE DISEASES CONTAGIOUS EQUINE METRITIS (CEM) 18 During 1998 Taylorella equigenitalis was not isolated. DOURINE Has never been recorded. EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS Has not been recorded since 1945. EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS Has never been recorded. EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANAEMIA Has not been recorded since 1928. EQUINE INFLUENZA (VIRUS TYPE A) No major outbreaks of equine influenza caused by virus type A2 were recorded during 1998. Vaccination of competition- and racehorses is comprehensively performed. Consequently cases among these horses are rare and of a mild nature. EQUINE PIROPLASMOSIS (BABESIOSIS) Serological reactions are from time to time recorded in imported horses. EQUINE RHINOPNEUMONITIS Respiratory diseases, especially in young horses, due to equine rhinopneumonitis virus infection, occur each year, but the number of abortions and nervous disturbances is low. GLANDERS Has not been recorded since 1928. HORSE POX Has not been recorded for several years. 19 INFECTIOUS ARTERITIS OF HORSES Serological examinations have shown that the virus is present in the Danish horse population, especially among racehorses which compete abroad there is a high incidence of serological reactors. The disease is regarded as being of little importance as clinical cases are rarely recognized. Abortions have not been reported. JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS Has never been recorded. MANGE Has not been recorded during 1998. One case was diagnosed in 1987 for the first time since 1955. SURRA (T. EVANSI) Has never been recorded. VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS Has never been recorded. PIG DISEASES ATROPHIC RHINITIS Clinical disease occurred enzootically, and the meat inspection data showed less than 0.50% of the pigs having detectable shortening or deflection of the snout. CYSTICERCOSIS (CYSTICERCUS CELLULOSAE) Has not been recorded for several years. PORCINE BRUCELLOSIS (B. SUIS) Brucella suis, biotype 2 (hare brucellosis) was diagnosed in a free range herd of pigs in 1994. The outbreak was described in the 1994 edition of this publication. In 1998 Brucella suis, biotype 2 was diagnosed in a hare. TRANSMISSIBLE GASTROENTERITIS OF PIGS (TGE) TGE has never been recorded in the Danish pig population. However, seroreactions indistinguishable from TGE-seroreactions but caused by porcine respiratory corona virus (PRCV) are seen. 20 According to the Danish TGE-order TGE is a notifiable disease, but the diagnosis is only made if clinical disease can be confirmed by the isolation of a TGE-virus. During 1998 no corona viruses were isolated at routine virological examination of material from pigs showing respiratory disease. TRICHINELLOSIS The disease has not been recorded in domestic animals since 1930. All pigs slaughtered at Danish export slaughterhouses are examined for Trichinella spiralis. During 1998 samples from 20,571,219 pigs were examined, and none of the samples were found to contain Trichinella spiralis. It is also compulsory to examine slaughtered wild pigs. In 1998, 1,887 were examined, and none of them were found to contain Trichinella spiralis. All horses which are slaughtered at Danish exportauthorized slaughterhouses and approved for intra-Community trade are examined for Trichinella spiralis. During 1998 samples from 994 horses were examined, and none of the samples were found to contain Trichinella spiralis. ENTEROVIRUS ENCEPHALOMYELITIS Enterovirus encephalomyelitis (Teschen disease) has never been recorded. PORCINE REPRODUCTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (PRRS) PRRS was first diagnosed in Denmark in March 1992. In March and April 1992 PRRS was diagnosed in a total of 28 herds. Twenty-seven of these herds were situated in three municipalities on the island Als, while one herd was situated in a municipality in the neighbouring parts of the peninsula Jutland. This latter case had received gilts from a herd on Als in which the disease was diagnosed a few days later. The course of the disease was very mild. In six of the eight involved fattening herds as well as in 11 of the 20 involved mixed or breeding herds, no typical clinical findings were observed but serological examination was carried out on an epidemiological basis. As the affected herds had had no imports of live pigs or any indirect contact with foreign herds, the introduction of the disease into Denmark was probably due to wind-borne spread. Furthermore, the geographical distribution corresponds very well to the distribution in connection with the acknowledged windborne introduction of 21 Aujeszky's disease a few years before. In accordance with the EEC-decision on certain protection measures against the "new" pig disease, pigs from the affected herds could only be moved directly to a slaughterhouse. Until the EEC-decision was amended in July 1992, movement restrictions were imposed on all pig herds in municipalities where an affected herd was situated. After the EEC-decision was revoked 1 November 1992, no restrictions are imposed on affected herds. PRRS, however, is still notifiable in Denmark. During the autumn of 1992, 15 outbreaks, and during 1993, 69 outbreaks have occurred in the southern part of Jutland, mainly on Als, and in these herds, too, the course of the disease was very mild. Moreover, serological reactions have been demonstrated in two herds further north in Jutland with no clinical evidence of disease. In January and March 1994, virus was isolated from two herds on the islands Funen and Bornholm, respectively. As no international definition of an outbreak of PRRS had been established, and as presence of antibodies in older pigs alone did not justify to consider a herd to be infected with PRRS-virus, it was necessary to define an outbreak of PRRS. Therefore, the Danish Veterinary Service issued an order on PRRS 26 April 1994. According to this order a herd shall be considered infected with PRRS when within the last eight weeks 1) PRRS-virus has been isolated or 2) antibodies against PRRS-virus have been demonstrated in stillborn piglets, or weak piglets before uptake of colostrum. No further outbreaks of PRRS occurred in 1994, but during 1995, 11 outbreaks occurred in various parts of Jutland. In the summer 1996 the industry, i.e. The Federation of Danish Pig Producers and Slaughterhouses, launched a vaccination campaign using a live attenuated American vaccine. The vaccine strain propagated in some of the herds causing increased number of abortions and stillborn/weak piglets. The Danish order on PRRS does not distinguish between field virus and vaccine virus. Therefore, 88 outbreaks of PRRS were recorded during the last three months of 1996, while 11 outbreaks were recorded in total during the first nine month of 1996. Due to the negative consequences of the vaccination campaign the industry decided to stop this campaign early in 1997. During the first three months of 1997 52 outbreaks were recorded, while 38 outbreaks were recorded during the last nine months of 1997, i.e. in total 90 outbreaks in 1997. In 1998 a total of 46 outbreaks were recorded. POULTRY DISEASES AVIAN INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS 22 Has a low sporadic occurrence. The disease is controlled by vaccination. AVIAN INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS This disease was diagnosed for the first time in Denmark in 1993. In 1998 the disease was confirmed by virus isolation in 11 barnyard flocks. AVIAN TUBERCULOSIS Has a sporadic occurrence in ornamental-, hobby- and barnyard birds. In 1998, 9 cases were recorded. DUCK VIRUS HEPATITIS Has a sporadic occurrence. The disease is controlled by vaccination. DUCK VIRUS ENTERITIS (DUCK PLAGUE) Has not been recorded since 1991. FOWL CHOLERA In Denmark fowl cholera is defined as an epidemic outbreak of disease in a poultry flock, associated with Pasteurella multocida infection and with a flock mortality of at least 20% within a period of one week. Based on this there was 1 outbreak of fowl cholera in 1998. FOWL POX One case (pigeon) in 1996. Otherwise not recorded since 1967. 23 FOWL TYPHOID (S. GALLINARUM) There were no outbreaks in 1998. Last outbreak in 1994. INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE (GUMBORO DISEASE) Has a low sporadic occurrence. The disease is controlled by routine vaccination. MAREK'S DISEASE Has a low sporadic occurrence. The disease is controlled by routine vaccination. MYCOPLASMOSIS (M. GALLISEPTICUM) No outbreak has been recorded since 1967. PSITTACOSIS - ORNITHOSIS Has a sporadic occurrence in caged ornamental birds. Twenty-two cases were diagnosed in 1998. PULLORUM DISEASE (S. PULLORUM) The disease has a sporadic occurrence in ornamental-, hobby-, barnyard- and game birds, and was diagnosed on 6 occasions in these birds in 1998. LAGOMORPH DISEASES MYXOMATOSIS Myxomatosis which had not been diagnosed during the period 19621984, reappeared in 1985 and has since then caused a limited number of outbreaks in small rabbit farms, all outbreaks occurred during the autumn. In 1990 and again in 1991, the disease was diagnosed among the wild population of rabbits in the southern part of Jutland. No outbreaks were recorded during 1992-1994. The infection is furthermore regarded as persistent in a wild population of rabbits found on the island of Fan¿ (close to the west coast of Jutland), and transport of rabbits and hares from this island is restricted. In 1995, one outbreak was recorded in a small flock of rabbits in the area of Copenhagen. The flock had had illegal contact with rabbits on Fan¿. 24 In 1996, three outbreaks were recorded in the area of Copenhagen, and in 1997 one outbreak was recorded in the same area. In 1998, twelve outbreaks were recorded in the area of Copenhagen. TULARAEMIA Has never been recorded. VIRAL HAEMORRHAGIC DISEASE OF RABBITS (VHD) In 1990 VHD was diagnosed for the first time in two rabbit farms, one in the southern part of Jutland, and one on the island of Lolland (close to the south coast of Zealand). All rabbits on the two farms are dead or killed, and after cleansing and disinfection all restrictions on the farms have been lifted. Serological examinations of wild, killed rabbits have revealed seroreactors in the wild population of rabbits in the southern part of Jutland in 1990, and on the island of Lolland in the years of 1990, 1991 and 1992. No seroreactors have been reported since 1992. FISH DISEASES VIRAL HAEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA OF SALMONIDS (VHS) There are 460 fresh water trout farms and 20 sea water trout farms operating in Denmark. 90% of the fresh water farms are nationally registered as free from VHS. Six outbreaks of VHS were recorded during 1998. These outbreaks were infections in formerly VHS-free farms. The infected aquaculture farms have been placed under restrictions and have undergone depopulation and disinfection procedures. A part of Denmark is according to Commission Decisions 93/74/EEC and 94/450/EEC approved zones concerning VHS by EU, and 121 of the Danish fresh water farms are situated in these zones. An EUrecognised programme zone has undergone a 4 year VHS examination scheme and is ready for EU-approval. Besides 14 aquaculture farms situated in the non-approved zone have been approved concerning VHS according to Commission Decision 97/234/EC. Aquaculture farms can only receive fish, eggs and fingerlings from farms with at least the same status. Trade in aquaculture fish and products for reproduction is controlled by the Veterinary Service, also inspecting the aquaculture farms regularly. SPRING VIRAEMIA OF CARP 25 Has never been recorded. INFECTIOUS HAEMATOPOIETIC NECROSIS (IHN) Has never been recorded. Denmark is according to Commission Decision 93/74/EEC an EEC-approved zone concerning IHN. SALMONID HERPESVIROSIS (TYPE 2) Has never been recorded. RENIBACTERIOSIS (R. SALMONINARUM) Has never been recorded. ICTALURID HERPESVIROSIS (TYPE 1) Has never been recorded. EPIZOOTIC HAEMATOPOIETIC NECROSIS Has never been recorded. EDWARDSIELLOSIS (E. ICTALURI) Has never been recorded. MOLLUSC DISEASES BONAMIOSIS Has never been recorded. HAPLOSPORIDIOSIS Has never been recorded. PERKINSOSIS Has never been recorded. MARTEILIOSIS 26 Has never been recorded. IRIDOVIROSES Has never been recorded. 27 BEE DISEASES ACARIASIS OF BEES The tracheal mite Acarapis woodi has never been recorded in bee colonies in Denmark. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD In Denmark there is State control of American foulbrood. When the disease is found, local apiary inspectors carry out the treatment under the direction of the Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Research Group Entomology. In 1998 bee colonies in 107 apiaries had clinical symptoms of American foulbrood. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD The disease has not been recorded. NOSEMATOSIS OF BEES (NOSEMA DISEASE) The disease is widespread in bee colonies in Denmark. VARROASIS The Varroa mite is widespread in Denmark. 28 DISEASES OF OTHER ANIMAL SPECIES LEISHMANIASIS Has not been recorded. OTHER DISEASES (NOT IN LIST A AND LIST B) INFECTIOUS PANCREATIC NECROSIS IN TROUT (IPN) The agent is widespread in trout farms situated at larger streams, but 32 fish farms situated at wells, boreholes, or at the top of small streams are registered as IPN-free brood stocks. They are intensively inspected and virologically tested. Twenty-five fish farms supplied with eggs or fry from the above mentioned farms and with approved water supply are registered as IPN-free production farms. They are inspected twice a year and virologically tested once a year. BACTERIAL KIDNEY DISEASE (BKD) The agent was for the first time detected in Denmark in March 1997. In the spring and the summer 1997 there were made widespread inspections and examinations in order to encircle the disease. Seven outbreaks of BKD in fresh water trout farms were recorded during 1997. All of the outbreaks were concentrated in two large water catchment areas in the southern part of Jutland. 29 IV FEATURES RELATED TO LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION Total Livestock and Number of Herds in thousands, 1998 Source: Danish Institute of Statistics. The countings only include farms with a size of five hectares or more. Livestock Total cattle Total pigs Laying hens Broilers Horses Sheep Mink, breeding females Trout farms 2,004 11,383 3,993 12,510 39 142 2,193 Herds 27,6 18,8 7,6 0,7 8,3 3,8 2,6 0,5 Veterinary employment of Veterinarians per January 1, 1999 Source: Partly The Danish Veterinary Association. Private Practise 1,224 State Institutions: Education, Diagnostic Work and Research 442 Hygiene and Environmental Health at County Level 206 Industry (Food, Pharmaceutic, etc.) 207 Danish Veterinary and Food Administration Meat Inspection Service 356 Others Total 2,592 157 30 31 32 STAFF (PARTLY), APRIL 1999 Director General: Ole Kopp Christensen Director, Administrative Affairs and Research: Joan Reimann Director, Food Legislation Department: Henrik G. Jensen Director, Food Control Department: Kristian Hermansen The Veterinary Service: Chief Veterinary Officer: Erik Stougaard Legal Section: A. Sunesen, Head of Division P. Birk, Legal Officer L. V. Carlsen, Veterinary Officer Division for EU-Trade, Import/Export, Exotic Diseases etc.: S. Ammendrup, Head of Division, Ass. Chief Veterinary Officer M. Warming, Senior Veterinary Officer B. Hendriksen, Senior Veterinary Officer T. Bengtsen, Veterinary Officer H. M. Hansen, Veterinary Officer C. Kunst, Veterinary Officer T. M¿rk, Veterinary Officer B.F. Thomsen, Veterinary Officer C. Th¿gersen, Veterinary Officer Th. Pihl, Legal Officer Division for Zoonoses, Animal Health and Welfare: Chr. Halgaard, Head of Division, Ass. Chief Veterinary Officer P.S. Madsen, Senior Veterinary Officer Chr. Munck, Chief Veterinarian L. F¾ster, Veterinary Officer B.B. J¿rgensen, Veterinary Officer J. Mygind, Veterinary Officer A. Cleveland Nielsen, Veterinary Officer S.B. Rasmussen, Veterinary Officer P. Vestergaard, Veterinary Officer Chr. Due Thomsen, Legal Officer B. Borck, Veterinary Officer M. Larsen, Cand.oecon.agro T. Bastholm, Agronomist 33 Division for Veterinary Medicine, Animal Welfare and Keeping and Zootechnic K. Andreasen, Head of Division, Ass. Chief Veterinary Officer B. Broberg, Senior Veterinary Officer T. Werner Bennedsgaard, Veterinary Officer D. Krarup Eriksen, Veterinary Officer V. Jacobsen, Veterinary Officer S.K. Larsen, Veterinary Officer K.H. Thorup, Veterinary Officer A. Hede Jensen, Legal Officer 34 District veterinary officers, Animal Health County Name Telephone-/Faxnumber K¿benhavn, Frederiksborg, Roskilde and Bornholm K. Geersbro Tel: +45 43 99 98 76 Fax: +45 43 99 65 34 Vestsj¾lland E. Enemark Tel: +45 57 61 41 41 Fax: +45 57 61 47 27 Storstr¿m Sv. Johansen Tel: +45 55 96 57 70 Fax: +45 55 96 57 71 Fyn S¿nderjylland K.G. Andreasen C.A. Henriksen Tel: +45 62 62 28 11 Fax: +45 62 62 29 40 Tel: +45 74 83 06 00 Fax: +45 74 83 14 55 Ribe J.O. Eriksen Tel: +45 75 17 45 00 Fax: +45 75 10 21 36 Vejle H. J. S¿rensen Tel: +45 75 85 78 20 Fax: +45 75 85 75 57 Ringk¿bing K. K. Madsen Tel: +45 97 41 40 99 Fax: +45 97 41 43 99 Aarhus O. G. J¿rgensen Tel: +45 86 21 51 55 Fax: +45 86 21 57 13 Viborg T. M. Kjeldsen Tel: +45 86 60 25 33 Fax: +45 86 61 11 64 Nordjylland S G. M. Pedersen Tel: +45 98 51 20 98 Fax: +45 98 51 20 11 Nordjylland N P. K. Schaap Tel: +45 98 82 36 22 Fax: +45 98 82 34 22 35 PRIVATE TELEPHONE NO'S FOR EMERGENCY CALLS DURING WEEK-ENDS AND HOLIDAYS Erik Stougaard Chief Veterinary Officer Telephone: +45 46 18 51 80 Mobile phone: +45 40 63 81 00 Animal health: S. Ammendrup Ass. Chief Veterinary Officer Telephone: +45 46 35 65 28 Mobile phone: +45 40 75 06 21 Chr. Halgaard Ass. Chief Veterinary Officer Telephone: + 44 98 33 09 K. Andreasen Ass. Chief Veterinary Officer Telephone: +45 48 28 01 94 Animal welfare: Birte Broberg Senior Veterinary Officer Telephone: +45 48 39 23 98 Public health: Kristian Hermansen, Director, Food Control Department Telephone: +45 57 61 43 25 Birgitte Povlsen, Head of Division, Senior Veterinary Officer Telephone: +45 35 55 94 24 Mobile phone: +45 40 75 06 24 Lars Herborg, Head of Division (Danish Contact Point Rapid Alert) Telephone: +45 35 85 47 05