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THE ANIMAL HEALTH
AND
DISEASE CONTROL POSITION
IN
DENMARK 1998
DANISH VETERINARY AND FOOD ADMINISTRATION
VETERINARY SERVICE
Rolighedsvej 25, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C
Telephone: +45 33 95 60 00
Telefax: +45 35 36 19 12
E-mail: [email protected]
2
CO N TE N TS
Page
I
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 3
II THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM IN DENMARK .............. 4
III ................................................................... LIVESTOCK DISEASE POSITION, 1998
........................................................................................................................................ 7
LIST A DISEASES ...................................................................................................... 7
LIST B DISEASES ...................................................................................................... 8
MULTIPLE SPECIES DISEASES ...................................................................... 8
CATTLE DISEASES ........................................................................................... 10
SHEEP AND GOAT DISEASES ..........................................................................14
HORSE DISEASES ..............................................................................................15
PIG DISEASES .................................................................................................. 17
POULTRY DISEASES ........................................................................................ 19
LAGOMORPH DISEASES ................................................................................ 20
FISH DISEASES ................................................................................................ 21
MOLLUSC DISEASES ...................................................................................... 22
BEE DISEASES ................................................................................................. 23
DISEASES OF OTHER ANIMAL SPECIES ................................................... 24
OTHER DISEASES ............................................................................................. 24
IV
FEATURES RELATED TO LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ....................................... 25
V
DANISH VETERINARY AND FOOD ADMINISTRATION
ORGANISATION ...............................................................................................
DANISH VETERINARY SERVICE ..................................................................
STAFF .................................................................................................................
PRIVATE TELEPHONE NO'S FOR EMERGENCY CALLS ...........................
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27
28
31
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I INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this report is to provide information on the animal
health and disease situation in Denmark during 1998, and on control
measures against diseases in livestock, bees, aquaculture animals
and companion animals and against zoonotic diseases.
The terminology and classification of diseases in mammals, birds and
bees used in the report are those used in the O.I.E. International
Animal Health Code. The fish and mollusc diseases are those listed in
part one of the joint FAO/OIE/WHO Questionnaire which forms the
basis of the tables in the O.I.E. World Animal Health.
List A Diseases refer to diseases which are immediately reported to
the O.I.E. List B Diseases are diseases which are normally reported to
the O.I.E. once a year.
Erik Stougaard
Chief Veterinary Officer
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II THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM IN DENMARK
The main pillar in the epidemiological surveillance is the system of
notifiability of animal diseases which in Denmark is laid down in Act
No. 814 of 21 December 1988 on Diseases in Domestic Animals (Animal
Health Act).
In case of suspicion of a notifiable disease the farmer must
immediately call a veterinarian, who in turn must notify the district
veterinary officer of the Veterinary Service. Besides being obliged by
the Animal Health Act the practising veterinarian in Denmark is also
obliged by Act No. 58 of 4 March 1964 on veterinary service and
practice.
The Veterinary Service has two reference laboratories: The Danish
Veterinary Institute for Virus Research and the Danish Veterinary
Laboratory.
When exotic viral diseases in cloven-hoofed animals are suspected,
the district veterinary officer must react in accordance with the
national contingency plans for exotic diseases:
K. immediately visit the farm,
l)
collect relevant material and dispatch it by air or by car to the
Danish Veterinary Institute for Virus Research.
Each year up to ten samples are sent to the Danish Veterinary
Institute for Virus Research due to suspicion of some exotic disease.
The Danish Veterinary Institute for Virus Research is competent in
diagnosing most exotic diseases and has a close collaboration with
virus institutes in other EU countries. The institute is open for
receiving material for examination 24 hours a day, seven days a
week, and serves in its diagnostic capacity also Norway, Sweden,
Finland and Iceland.
The Danish Veterinary Laboratory is the reference laboratory for
notifiable bacterial and parasitic diseases and for all poultry
diseases, and it is both national and EU reference laboratory for fish
diseases.
Information about the animal health situation in the EU is given to
the district veterinary officers after each meeting of the Standing
Veterinary Committee, and the practising veterinarians are kept
informed by regular messages from the Veterinary Service.
Exercises on disease eradication are carried out every other or every
third year.
Staff from the Veterinary Service, the Danish Veterinary Institute for
Virus Research, the Danish Veterinary Laboratory and the district
5
veterinary officers are regularly asked to give lectures on disease
awareness, notification, prevention and eradication. Lectures are
given at the Royal Veterinary University, agricultural schools, at
meetings in local veterinary associations and farmers associations,
etc.
All farms in Denmark are registered in the national farm and
Livestock register under the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and
Fisheries. The register contains a special section for veterinary
matters including the name and address of the practising veterinarian at the farm. Animals in Danish herds must be identified in
accordance with Council Directive 92/102/EEC, implemented in Danish
legislation by Order No. 1073 of 15 December 1994 on identification
and registration of cattle, pigs, sheep and goats, and Order No. 982
of 21 November 1996 on registration of herds and other holdings of
animals in the Central Register for Domestic Animals (CHR). According
to the first mentioned order the farmers are obliged to register all
movements of cloven-hoofed animals to and from their herd.
In accordance with Council Regulation (EC) No. 820/97 establishing a
system for the identification and registration of bovine animals and
regarding the labelling of beef and beef products, the farmers are
obliged to register all cattle by the number of their eartags and all
movements of cattle to and from their herd from the 1 January 1998.
These movements are to be registered in CHR. According to the same
Council Regulation all calves born after the 1 January 1998 have to
have two eartags, one in each ear. This was implemented in Danish
legislation by Order No. 678 of 25 August 1997 on identification,
registration and movements of cattle, pigs, sheep and goats,
replacing Order No. 1073 of 15 December 1994.
In addition the following regulations animals have been
implemented: Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2628/97 laying down
detailed rules for the implementation of Council Regulation No.
820/97 as regards the application of minimum administrative
sanctions in the framework of the system for the identification and
registration of bovine animals, Commission Regulation (EC) No.
2629/97 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of Council
Regulation (EC) No. 820/97 as regards eartags, holding registers and
passports in the framework of the system for the identification and
registration of bovine animals, and Commission Regulation (EC) No.
2630/97 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of Council
Regulation No. 820/97 as regards the application of minimum
administrative sanctions in the framework of the system for the
identification and registration of bovine .
Cattle and pig dealers are registered by the Veterinary Service and
are obliged to keep records of all movements of cloven-hoofed
animals. This obligation has existed for several years laid down in an
Order issued by the Danish Veterinary Service. In 1995 the said order
was replaced by Order No. 603 of 13 July 1995.
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All markets and auctions for Livestock in Denmark are under the
supervision of the district veterinary officer. All animals entering a
market or an auction are examined and inspected by the veterinarian
responsible for the market/auction. The veterinarian responsible for
the market/auction is either one of the assistants to the district
veterinary officer or an appointed part-time veterinary officer.
All bull and boar stations (semen collection centres) in Denmark are
approved in accordance with EC legislation and under the supervision
of the district veterinary officer. An appointed part-time veterinary
officer is responsible for the day-to-day compliance at the semen
collection centre with the EC requirements in question.
Production of day old birds of hens, turkeys, ducks and geese in
connection with hatcheries with a capacity of more than 1,000 eggs
is under routine supervision by district veterinary officers and
appointed part-time veterinarians.
Since 1924 the Danish rendering plants have been under the supervision of the Veterinary Service. In practice rendering plants are
supervised by the district veterinary officer, and an appointed parttime veterinary officer carries out the regular control of the
processing hygiene and issues certificates in connection with exports.
With the exception of a low number of animals slaughtered on the
farm for the farmers own consumption, all animals slaughtered at
Danish slaughterhouses approved for the national market, as well as
export-authorized slaughterhouses are controlled by veterinarians.
All animals in Danish slaughterhouses are inspected ante-mortem
and post-mortem in accordance with international rules. At export
slaughterhouses the staff is full-time employed by the Danish
Veterinary and Food Administration, while at small local slaughterhouses the inspection is carried out by an appointed part-time
special veterinary officer.
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III LIVESTOCK DISEASE POSITION, 1998
LIST A DISEASES
Definition: List A diseases are transmissible diseases which have the
potential for very serious and rapid spread, irrespective of national
borders, which are of serious socio-economic or public health
consequence, and which are of major importance in the international
trade of animals and animal products.
The following List A diseases have not occurred during 1998; the year
of last outbreak is given between brackets:
Foot and mouth disease
Vesicular stomatitis
Swine vesicular disease
Rinderpest
Peste des petits ruminants
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Lumpy skin disease
Rift Valley fever
Bluetongue
Sheep pox and goat pox
African horse sickness
African swine fever
Classical swine fever (hog cholera)
Fowl plague
(1983)
(never recorded)
(never recorded)
(1782)
(never recorded)
(1886)
(never recorded)
(never recorded)
(never recorded)
(1879)
(never recorded)
(never recorded)
(1933)
(never recorded)
To ascertain that subclinical cases of classical swine fever and swine
vesicular disease do not occur in the Danish pig population,
serological surveys were carried out on 29,230 and 8,075 blood
samples, respectively. The surveys for antibodies against classical
swine fever virus and swine vesicular disease virus were carried out
by using the ELISA-test.
NEWCASTLE DISEASE
Two outbreaks of Newcastle disease were confirmed 27 February
1998. Newcastle disease virus with an intracerebral pathogenicity
index (ICPI) 1,84 and 1,75 respectively was isolated by the Danish
Veterinary Laboratory, Aarhus.
The two outbreaks occurred in two neighbouring turkey farms - in
Western Sealand County - that housed in total 140,000 turkeys
reared for slaughter. Outbreak No. 98/01 involved 11 stables housing
95,000 turkeys 2-17 weeks of age. Outbreak No. 98/02 involved 4
stables housing 45,000 turkeys 8-9 weeks of age.
th
The turkeys were all killed on the 5
of March and transported
8
directly to an authorised rendering plant. The processing of the
material was carried out in compliance with the EU regulations for
treatment of high risk material and was completed within 3 days.
The process of cleaning and disinfection of the premises was
initiated immediately after the removal of the carcasses. Due to the
size of the stables involved the process of cleaning and disinfection
was a huge task and a general strike in Denmark also had a negative
impact. Therefore, the final approval of the cleaning and disinfection
could not take place until 23 June.
At the day of confirmation of the two outbreaks a protection zone (3
km radius) and a surveillance zone (10 km radius) were established,
cp. attached map. The zones around the two outbreaks were largely
confluent as the distance between the two neighbouring farms was
app. 1 km.
In accordance with EU regulations (Council directive 92/66/EEC) the
protection zone was lifted 21 days after the final approval of the
cleaning and disinfection of the affected premises, while the
surveillance zone was lifted 30 days after the said approval, i.e. 23
July.
Despite thorough epidemiological investigations it was not possible
to establish the source of infection, however there was no indication
of spread of the disease from the infected premises.
In 1998 9,268 bloodsamples from commercial holdings were tested
negative for Newcastle disease as part of the Danish routine
monitoring programme for Newcastle disease.
LIST B DISEASES
Definition: List B diseases are transmissible diseases which are
considered to be of socio-economic and/or public health importance
within countries, and which are significant in the international trade
of animals and animal products.
MULTIPLE SPECIES DISEASES
ANTHRAX
Anthrax has not been diagnosed during 1998, the disease was last
diagnosed in 1988 when it reappeared with two cases for the first
time since 1980.
AUJESZKY'S DISEASE
In December 1992 Denmark was recognized as free from Aujeszky's
disease by the EEC (Commission Decision 93/24/EEC).
No outbreaks or seroreactions of Aujeszky's disease were recorded
9
during 1998.
Monitoring to ensure continued freedom was carried out on blood
samples from slaughterhouses. All breeding boars, boars over 140
kgs (live weight) and 10% of the sows were tested before slaughter
or export in the southern parts of the country. In the rest of the
country 10% of the boars and 5% of the sows were tested. In 1998 a
total of 34,979 boars and sows were tested.
The Aujeszky's disease control and eradication programme was described in the 1989 and 1992-editions of this publication.
ECHINOCOCCOSIS-HYDATIDOSIS
Hydatid cysts have not been recorded in 1998.
HEARTWATER
Has never been recorded.
LEPTOSPIROSIS
Serological examinations of bovine and porcine sera indicate a low
incidence of infection. No clinical cases have been reported in 1998.
Q FEVER
Has not been recorded during 1998.
RABIES
Since March 1982 sylvatic rabies has not been recorded.
However, in September 1985 bat-rabies was diagnosed for the first
time in Denmark. Since then a surveillance programme for bat-rabies
has been running. The pro-gramme includes cases, where rabies is
suspected. Under this programme 46 bats were submitted for examination during 1998. Rabies was diagnosed in twelve of these.
42 specimens from mammals other than bats (ten cats, three dogs,
twelve foxes, three mice, two martens, one squirrel, four sheep, four
cattle, two goats and one horse) were submitted during 1998. Bat
rabies was diagnosed in three sheep, the rest of the specimens were
examined with negative results.
PARATUBERCULOSIS (JOHNE'S DISEASE)
The disease is not controlled officially, but since 1979 it has been
possible for owners of cattle herds with clinical problems to use
vaccination, subject to permission from the Veterinary Service. In
1998 81 herds have had permission to vaccinate, 6 new permissions
were given during the year.
10
Paratuberculosis has never been diagnosed in sheep in Denmark. In
May 1996 the infection was diagnosed in a sample from one goat.
SCREWWORM (COCHLIOMYIA HOMINIVORAX)
Has never been recorded.
11
CATTLE DISEASES
ANAPLASMOSIS
Has never been recorded.
BABESIOSIS
The occurrence is low, and the disease seems confined to certain
areas.
BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS (B. ABORTUS)
In 1959 all cattle herds were registered as free from brucellosis, and
in 1962 the last outbreak was dealt with.
According to EEC Commission Decision 79/837/EEC all Danish cattle
herds are regarded as officially free from brucellosis as long as the
country remains free from clinical outbreaks.
Bovine brucellosis in sheep has not been diagnosed since 1959.
BOVINE GENITAL CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS (VIBRIOSIS)
In accordance with Council Directive 88/407/EEC all bulls must be
tested with negative results for Campylobacter fetus in the isolation
accommodation before entering the approved semen collection
centre, and all bulls in semen production at the semen collection
centre are tested at least once a year. In 1998 all tests were negative.
BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS (Mycobacterium bovis)
Bovine tuberculosis in cattle
In 1959 all cattle herds were registered as free from tuberculosis.
The last case of bovine tuberculosis in cattle was diagnosed in 1988.
According to EEC Commission Decision 80/984/EEC all Danish cattle
herds are regarded as officially free from tuberculosis. Monitoring is
done through meat inspection. Routine tuberculosis tests of cattle
are not carried out.
Bovine tuberculosis in farmed deer
In January 1998 there were 645 establishments with farmed deer in
Denmark.
12
In 1988 bovine tuberculosis was diagnosed in farmed fallow deer.
The herd in question was found to be heavily affected, and all
animals were destroyed.
A national programme for eradication of bovine tuberculosis in
farmed deer was initiated, and during 1988-89 another 12 herds
were found to be infected. One herd was found in 1991, one in 1993
and yet another one in 1994, making a total of 16 infected deer
herds. Restrictions have been lifted on all 16 infected premises, and
at present no herds are considered infected.
In January 1998, 555 herds had status as TB free after three clear
tuberculin herd tests, 88 were registered as undergoing routine
veterinary examination of all slaughtered or dead animals and two
herds had not yet finished the routine test programme and were
thus technically of unknown TB status.
CYSTICERCOSIS (C. BOVIS)
The disease exists, but has a low sporadic occurrence.
DERMATOPHILOSIS
Has not been recorded.
ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS
Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) has been a notifiable disease since
1959, and a control programme was started the same year.
The programme has been described in detail in earlier editions of this
publication.
In 1989 a few seropositive animals were identified in five herds,
since then no new reactors have been found. All herds have been
declared free according to EEC rules.
As a result of the control programme the country was declared free
from EBL according to EEC rules as from July 1991. The monitoring by
testing bulk milk samples and blood samples collected at
slaughterhouses continues.
HAEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA
Has never been recorded.
INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS (IBR/IPV)
In December 1992 Denmark was recognized as free from IBR by EEC
Commission Decision 93/42/EEC.
National control measures for the prevention of spread of the
13
infection were implemented in April 1984.
As from February 1991 the infection was considered eradicated.
Monitoring of all herds is carried out on bulk milk samples and on
blood samples from slaughterhouses. The same samples are also
used for enzootic bovine leukosis monitoring.
Number of herds found infected and again declared free after total
or partial slaughter: five in 1991, three in 1992, 14 in 1993 and two in
1994.
In 1995, 61 herds were found infected. Most of them were beef
herds infected in connection with an outbreak caused by spreading
of the infection from a traders herd. In 1996, six herds were found
infected all except one near the Danish/German border. In 1997, two
herds were found infected, one of them a herd of buffaloes. Both are
declared free.
THEILERIOSIS
Has never been recorded.
TRICHOMONIASIS
Trichomoniasis has not been recorded during 1998. The disease was
not diagnosed in Denmark from 1950 to the end of 1990, when Trichomonas foetus was isolated from a bull, which was kept in the
isolation barn of a bull station.
TRYPANOSOMIASIS (TSETSE-BORNE)
Has never been recorded.
BOVINE MALIGNANT CATARRH
The disease exists, but has an exceptional occurrence. Very few clinical cases are diagnosed in cattle mainly when kept together with
sheep.
BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY (BSE)
No case of BSE has occurred since August 1992.
Tenth August 1992 BSE was diagnosed in a 5 year old Highland Cattle
cow imported into Denmark from the United Kingdom in 1988.
The clinical suspicion arose 8 July and no animals were allowed to be
removed from the premises. The herd consisted of two separate
flocks - in total 25 bulls, cows, heifers and calves. The affected cow
was killed 14 July after having shown increasing nervous signs
including incoordinated movements, nasal discharge, salivation, re-
14
luctance to eat, difficulties to drink and changed behaviour in general for about 10 days, she had, however, been loosing weight since
January. After collection of brain material for laboratory
examination at the Danish Veterinary Laboratory the carcass was
buried on the spot. The diagnosis was confirmed by the Central
Veterinary Laboratory, Weybridge.
Some nervous signs, salivation and weightloss were observed in
another cow imported from another herd in the United Kingdom in
1989. The histological examination of brain material from this cow
showed no evidence of BSE. No other animal in the herd showed any
clinical signs.
The affected animal as well as her offspring had remained in the importing herd.
All cattle on the affected farm were moved to the Danish Veterinary
Institute for Virus Research, Lindholm, to be killed and incinerated.
15
Thorough cleansing and disinfection of the premises was carried out
and grass fields were ploughed.
Based on information from the veterinary authorities in UK, it was
established that the cow prior to exportation had access to meat and
bone meal containing ruminant protein and associated with other
cases of BSE in Scotland. The ban on feeding ruminant protein to
ruminants was not introduced in UK until July 1988, and the
exportation took place in June 1988.
Scrapie has never occurred in Denmark, and meat and bone meal has
not been imported from UK for many years.
Since 1924 all rendering plants are supervised and inspected by Veterinary Officers appointed by the Veterinary Service performing
daily inspections for hygiene and processing (temperature).
Since March 1990 live bovine animals have not been imported from
United Kingdom, as the only import possible from United Kingdom
until 1996 according to EU-rules i.e. calves under 6 months of age,
did not take place.
Since June 1990 a ban on feeding ruminant protein to ruminants has
been in force in Denmark. In January 1997 this ban was extended to
feeding mammalian protein to ruminants.
BSE is a notifiable disease in Denmark. Farmers and veterinarians
have been thoroughly informed about the symptoms on BSE, and special attention has been drawn to imported cattle.
Diagnostic capabilities for BSE are available at the Danish Veterinary
Laboratory, Copenhagen.
Thus, the occurrence of BSE in Denmark is without doubt due to
importation of an already infected cow, and the Danish cattle population is still considered free of BSE.
Due to the debate about BSE it was decided that all bovine animals,
which in the past had been imported from the United Kingdom, shall
be killed and incinerated when these animals - all of beef breeds have finished their production. Compensation is paid by the public.
All of these animals, in total 220, were identified and eartagged, and
a ban on moving these animals off the farm except with permission
from the Veterinary Service was issued in April 1996. At the end of
1998, 91 of these animals were still in Danish herds.
In accordance with EC Commission Decision of 23 April 1998 on
epidemiological
surveillance
for
transmissible
spongiform
encephalopathies and amending decision 94/474/EC (98/272/EC) the
surveillance was reinforced by issue of Order No. 356 of 17 June
1998 on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and scrapie. Further
instructions were given to the district veterinary officers, official
veterinarians at the slaughterhouses and practising veterinarians. In
case of suspicion of BSE or scrapie the head of the suspicious animal
is sent to the Danish Veterinary Laboratory for examination. The
body is transported directly and separately to a rendering plant and
16
pending the result of the laboratory examination the body is seized
by the official veterinarian at the plant. The herd is closed off by the
district veterinary officer, who can permit animals to go directly to a
slaughterhouse for emergency slaughter. Pending the result of the
laboratory examination the carcase and organs from the slaughtered
animals are seized by the official veterinarian at the slaughterhouse.
Compensation is paid by the Danish Veterinary Service for animals
killed on suspicion.
During 1998 the following laboratory examinations for BSE were
carried out - all with negative results: 24 heads of bovines were
examined due to clinical signs of central nervous disorders. In
addition 36 heads from cattle imported from United Kingdom prior to
March 1990 were examined when killed after having finished their
production.
In view of the above mentioned Denmark is considered free of BSE
and meat of Danish origin as well as meatproducts produced from
beef of Danish origin can be considered as free of any risk of
transmitting BSE.
SHEEP AND GOAT DISEASES
BRUCELLA OVIS INFECTION
Has never been recorded.
CAPRINE AND OVINE BRUCELLOSIS (B. MELITENSIS)
Has never been recorded.
Denmark has been declared free from B. Melitensis by Commission
Decision 93/52/EEC.
In 1997 7,153 bloodsamples from the voluntary Maedi-Visna control
programme were tested for B. melitensis without finding any
seroreactions.
CAPRINE ARTHRITIS/ENCEPHALITIS
The disease, which has an enzootic occurrence, is mostly recorded as
serological findings, as it is included in the voluntary maedi-visna
control programme (cf. below).
CONTAGIOUS AGALACTIA
Has never been recorded.
17
CONTAGIOUS CAPRINE PLEUROPNEUMONIA
Has never been recorded.
ENZOOTIC ABORTION OF EWES
Has not been recorded during 1998.
PULMONARY ADENOMATOSIS
Has been recorded in 1 herd in 1998.
March 1997 pulmonary adenomatosis was diagnosed in two imported
sheep, killed and examined due to other diseases. The imported
sheep were split up into four flocks and distributed to four owners.
Three of the flocks were killed and destroyed. The last flock is under
permanent control by the Veterinary Service. The disease was
recorded in 1 animal in this herd in 1998.
NAIROBI SHEEP DISEASE
Has never been recorded.
SALMONELLOSIS (S. ABORTUS OVIS)
Has never been recorded.
SCRAPIE
Scrapie has never been recorded in Denmark. Scrapie has been
notifiable since 1990. During 1998 the following laboratory
examinations for scrapie were carried out - all with negative result:
18 heads of sheep and 14 heads of goats were examined due to
clinical signs of central nervous disorders. In addition heads from 84
sheep and 6 goats - age of 3 years or more - were submitted for
examination in connection with trade with other member states, cp.
EC Council Directive 91/68/EEC.
MAEDI-VISNA
A voluntary control programme has existed since 1979. The
programme is run by the agricultural organizations. At the moment
approximately 2,500 herds of sheep and goats have free status.
HORSE DISEASES
CONTAGIOUS EQUINE METRITIS (CEM)
18
During 1998 Taylorella equigenitalis was not isolated.
DOURINE
Has never been recorded.
EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS
Has not been recorded since 1945.
EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Has never been recorded.
EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANAEMIA
Has not been recorded since 1928.
EQUINE INFLUENZA (VIRUS TYPE A)
No major outbreaks of equine influenza caused by virus type A2 were
recorded during 1998. Vaccination of competition- and racehorses is
comprehensively performed. Consequently cases among these
horses are rare and of a mild nature.
EQUINE PIROPLASMOSIS (BABESIOSIS)
Serological reactions are from time to time recorded in imported
horses.
EQUINE RHINOPNEUMONITIS
Respiratory diseases, especially in young horses, due to equine
rhinopneumonitis virus infection, occur each year, but the number of
abortions and nervous disturbances is low.
GLANDERS
Has not been recorded since 1928.
HORSE POX
Has not been recorded for several years.
19
INFECTIOUS ARTERITIS OF HORSES
Serological examinations have shown that the virus is present in the
Danish horse population, especially among racehorses which
compete abroad there is a high incidence of serological reactors. The
disease is regarded as being of little importance as clinical cases are
rarely recognized. Abortions have not been reported.
JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS
Has never been recorded.
MANGE
Has not been recorded during 1998. One case was diagnosed in 1987
for the first time since 1955.
SURRA (T. EVANSI)
Has never been recorded.
VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Has never been recorded.
PIG DISEASES
ATROPHIC RHINITIS
Clinical disease occurred enzootically, and the meat inspection data
showed less than 0.50% of the pigs having detectable shortening or
deflection of the snout.
CYSTICERCOSIS (CYSTICERCUS CELLULOSAE)
Has not been recorded for several years.
PORCINE BRUCELLOSIS (B. SUIS)
Brucella suis, biotype 2 (hare brucellosis) was diagnosed in a free
range herd of pigs in 1994. The outbreak was described in the 1994
edition of this publication. In 1998 Brucella suis, biotype 2 was
diagnosed in a hare.
TRANSMISSIBLE GASTROENTERITIS OF PIGS (TGE)
TGE has never been recorded in the Danish pig population. However,
seroreactions indistinguishable from TGE-seroreactions but caused
by porcine respiratory corona virus (PRCV) are seen.
20
According to the Danish TGE-order TGE is a notifiable disease, but the
diagnosis is only made if clinical disease can be confirmed by the
isolation of a TGE-virus.
During 1998 no corona viruses were isolated at routine virological
examination of material from pigs showing respiratory disease.
TRICHINELLOSIS
The disease has not been recorded in domestic animals since 1930.
All pigs slaughtered at Danish export slaughterhouses are examined
for Trichinella spiralis. During 1998 samples from 20,571,219 pigs
were examined, and none of the samples were found to contain Trichinella spiralis.
It is also compulsory to examine slaughtered wild pigs. In 1998,
1,887 were examined, and none of them were found to contain Trichinella spiralis.
All horses which are slaughtered at Danish exportauthorized
slaughterhouses and approved for intra-Community trade are examined for Trichinella spiralis. During 1998 samples from 994 horses
were examined, and none of the samples were found to contain
Trichinella spiralis.
ENTEROVIRUS ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Enterovirus encephalomyelitis (Teschen disease) has never been
recorded.
PORCINE REPRODUCTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (PRRS)
PRRS was first diagnosed in Denmark in March 1992. In March and
April 1992 PRRS was diagnosed in a total of 28 herds.
Twenty-seven of these herds were situated in three municipalities
on the island Als, while one herd was situated in a municipality in the
neighbouring parts of the peninsula Jutland. This latter case had received gilts from a herd on Als in which the disease was diagnosed a
few days later.
The course of the disease was very mild. In six of the eight involved
fattening herds as well as in 11 of the 20 involved mixed or breeding
herds, no typical clinical findings were observed but serological
examination was carried out on an epidemiological basis.
As the affected herds had had no imports of live pigs or any indirect
contact with foreign herds, the introduction of the disease into
Denmark was probably due to wind-borne spread. Furthermore, the
geographical distribution corresponds very well to the distribution in
connection with the acknowledged windborne introduction of
21
Aujeszky's disease a few years before.
In accordance with the EEC-decision on certain protection measures
against the "new" pig disease, pigs from the affected herds could
only be moved directly to a slaughterhouse. Until the EEC-decision
was amended in July 1992, movement restrictions were imposed on
all pig herds in municipalities where an affected herd was situated.
After the EEC-decision was revoked 1 November 1992, no restrictions
are imposed on affected herds. PRRS, however, is still notifiable in
Denmark.
During the autumn of 1992, 15 outbreaks, and during 1993, 69 outbreaks have occurred in the southern part of Jutland, mainly on Als,
and in these herds, too, the course of the disease was very mild.
Moreover, serological reactions have been demonstrated in two
herds further north in Jutland with no clinical evidence of disease.
In January and March 1994, virus was isolated from two herds on
the islands Funen and Bornholm, respectively. As no international
definition of an outbreak of PRRS had been established, and as
presence of antibodies in older pigs alone did not justify to consider
a herd to be infected with PRRS-virus, it was necessary to define an
outbreak of PRRS. Therefore, the Danish Veterinary Service issued an
order on PRRS 26 April 1994. According to this order a herd shall be
considered infected with PRRS when within the last eight weeks 1)
PRRS-virus has been isolated or 2) antibodies against PRRS-virus
have been demonstrated in stillborn piglets, or weak piglets before
uptake of colostrum. No further outbreaks of PRRS occurred in 1994,
but during 1995, 11 outbreaks occurred in various parts of Jutland.
In the summer 1996 the industry, i.e. The Federation of Danish Pig
Producers and Slaughterhouses, launched a vaccination campaign
using a live attenuated American vaccine. The vaccine strain propagated in some of the herds causing increased number of abortions
and stillborn/weak piglets. The Danish order on PRRS does not distinguish between field virus and vaccine virus. Therefore, 88
outbreaks of PRRS were recorded during the last three months of
1996, while 11 outbreaks were recorded in total during the first nine
month of 1996.
Due to the negative consequences of the vaccination campaign the
industry decided to stop this campaign early in 1997. During the first
three months of 1997 52 outbreaks were recorded, while 38
outbreaks were recorded during the last nine months of 1997, i.e. in
total 90 outbreaks in 1997.
In 1998 a total of 46 outbreaks were recorded.
POULTRY DISEASES
AVIAN INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS
22
Has a low sporadic occurrence. The disease is controlled by vaccination.
AVIAN INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS
This disease was diagnosed for the first time in Denmark in 1993. In
1998 the disease was confirmed by virus isolation in 11 barnyard
flocks.
AVIAN TUBERCULOSIS
Has a sporadic occurrence in ornamental-, hobby- and barnyard
birds. In 1998, 9 cases were recorded.
DUCK VIRUS HEPATITIS
Has a sporadic occurrence. The disease is controlled by vaccination.
DUCK VIRUS ENTERITIS (DUCK PLAGUE)
Has not been recorded since 1991.
FOWL CHOLERA
In Denmark fowl cholera is defined as an epidemic outbreak of
disease in a poultry flock, associated with Pasteurella multocida
infection and with a flock mortality of at least 20% within a period
of one week.
Based on this there was 1 outbreak of fowl cholera in 1998.
FOWL POX
One case (pigeon) in 1996. Otherwise not recorded since 1967.
23
FOWL TYPHOID (S. GALLINARUM)
There were no outbreaks in 1998. Last outbreak in 1994.
INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE (GUMBORO DISEASE)
Has a low sporadic occurrence. The disease is controlled by routine
vaccination.
MAREK'S DISEASE
Has a low sporadic occurrence. The disease is controlled by routine
vaccination.
MYCOPLASMOSIS (M. GALLISEPTICUM)
No outbreak has been recorded since 1967.
PSITTACOSIS - ORNITHOSIS
Has a sporadic occurrence in caged ornamental birds. Twenty-two
cases were diagnosed in 1998.
PULLORUM DISEASE (S. PULLORUM)
The disease has a sporadic occurrence in ornamental-, hobby-,
barnyard- and game birds, and was diagnosed on 6 occasions in
these birds in 1998.
LAGOMORPH DISEASES
MYXOMATOSIS
Myxomatosis which had not been diagnosed during the period 19621984, reappeared in 1985 and has since then caused a limited number
of outbreaks in small rabbit farms, all outbreaks occurred during the
autumn. In 1990 and again in 1991, the disease was diagnosed
among the wild population of rabbits in the southern part of Jutland.
No outbreaks were recorded during 1992-1994.
The infection is furthermore regarded as persistent in a wild
population of rabbits found on the island of Fan¿ (close to the west
coast of Jutland), and transport of rabbits and hares from this island
is restricted.
In 1995, one outbreak was recorded in a small flock of rabbits in the
area of Copenhagen. The flock had had illegal contact with rabbits on
Fan¿.
24
In 1996, three outbreaks were recorded in the area of Copenhagen,
and in 1997 one outbreak was recorded in the same area.
In 1998, twelve outbreaks were recorded in the area of Copenhagen.
TULARAEMIA
Has never been recorded.
VIRAL HAEMORRHAGIC DISEASE OF RABBITS (VHD)
In 1990 VHD was diagnosed for the first time in two rabbit farms,
one in the southern part of Jutland, and one on the island of Lolland
(close to the south coast of Zealand). All rabbits on the two farms
are dead or killed, and after cleansing and disinfection all
restrictions on the farms have been lifted.
Serological examinations of wild, killed rabbits have revealed
seroreactors in the wild population of rabbits in the southern part of
Jutland in 1990, and on the island of Lolland in the years of 1990,
1991 and 1992. No seroreactors have been reported since 1992.
FISH DISEASES
VIRAL HAEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA OF SALMONIDS (VHS)
There are 460 fresh water trout farms and 20 sea water trout farms
operating in Denmark. 90% of the fresh water farms are nationally
registered as free from VHS. Six outbreaks of VHS were recorded
during 1998. These outbreaks were infections in formerly VHS-free
farms. The infected aquaculture farms have been placed under
restrictions and have undergone depopulation and disinfection
procedures.
A part of Denmark is according to Commission Decisions 93/74/EEC
and 94/450/EEC approved zones concerning VHS by EU, and 121 of the
Danish fresh water farms are situated in these zones. An EUrecognised programme zone has undergone a 4 year VHS examination
scheme and is ready for EU-approval.
Besides 14 aquaculture farms situated in the non-approved zone
have been approved concerning VHS according to Commission Decision 97/234/EC.
Aquaculture farms can only receive fish, eggs and fingerlings from
farms with at least the same status. Trade in aquaculture fish and
products for reproduction is controlled by the Veterinary Service,
also inspecting the aquaculture farms regularly.
SPRING VIRAEMIA OF CARP
25
Has never been recorded.
INFECTIOUS HAEMATOPOIETIC NECROSIS (IHN)
Has never been recorded.
Denmark is according to Commission Decision 93/74/EEC an EEC-approved zone concerning IHN.
SALMONID HERPESVIROSIS (TYPE 2)
Has never been recorded.
RENIBACTERIOSIS (R. SALMONINARUM)
Has never been recorded.
ICTALURID HERPESVIROSIS (TYPE 1)
Has never been recorded.
EPIZOOTIC HAEMATOPOIETIC NECROSIS
Has never been recorded.
EDWARDSIELLOSIS (E. ICTALURI)
Has never been recorded.
MOLLUSC DISEASES
BONAMIOSIS
Has never been recorded.
HAPLOSPORIDIOSIS
Has never been recorded.
PERKINSOSIS
Has never been recorded.
MARTEILIOSIS
26
Has never been recorded.
IRIDOVIROSES
Has never been recorded.
27
BEE DISEASES
ACARIASIS OF BEES
The tracheal mite Acarapis woodi has never been recorded in bee
colonies in Denmark.
AMERICAN FOUL BROOD
In Denmark there is State control of American foulbrood. When the
disease is found, local apiary inspectors carry out the treatment
under the direction of the Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences,
Research Group Entomology.
In 1998 bee colonies in 107 apiaries had clinical symptoms of American foulbrood.
EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD
The disease has not been recorded.
NOSEMATOSIS OF BEES (NOSEMA DISEASE)
The disease is widespread in bee colonies in Denmark.
VARROASIS
The Varroa mite is widespread in Denmark.
28
DISEASES OF OTHER ANIMAL SPECIES
LEISHMANIASIS
Has not been recorded.
OTHER DISEASES (NOT IN LIST A AND LIST B)
INFECTIOUS PANCREATIC NECROSIS IN TROUT (IPN)
The agent is widespread in trout farms situated at larger streams,
but 32 fish farms situated at wells, boreholes, or at the top of small
streams are registered as IPN-free brood stocks. They are
intensively inspected and virologically tested. Twenty-five fish
farms supplied with eggs or fry from the above mentioned farms and
with approved water supply are registered as IPN-free production
farms. They are inspected twice a year and virologically tested once
a year.
BACTERIAL KIDNEY DISEASE (BKD)
The agent was for the first time detected in Denmark in March 1997.
In the spring and the summer 1997 there were made widespread
inspections and examinations in order to encircle the disease. Seven
outbreaks of BKD in fresh water trout farms were recorded during
1997. All of the outbreaks were concentrated in two large water
catchment areas in the southern part of Jutland.
29
IV FEATURES RELATED TO LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
Total Livestock and Number of Herds in thousands, 1998
Source: Danish Institute of Statistics. The countings only include
farms with a size of five hectares or more.
Livestock
Total cattle
Total pigs
Laying hens
Broilers
Horses
Sheep
Mink, breeding females
Trout farms
2,004
11,383
3,993
12,510
39
142
2,193
Herds
27,6
18,8
7,6
0,7
8,3
3,8
2,6
0,5
Veterinary employment of Veterinarians per January 1, 1999
Source: Partly The Danish Veterinary Association.
Private Practise
1,224
State Institutions: Education,
Diagnostic Work and Research
442
Hygiene and Environmental Health
at County Level
206
Industry (Food, Pharmaceutic, etc.)
207
Danish Veterinary and Food Administration
Meat Inspection Service
356
Others
Total
2,592
157
30
31
32
STAFF (PARTLY), APRIL 1999
Director General: Ole Kopp Christensen
Director, Administrative Affairs and Research: Joan Reimann
Director, Food Legislation Department: Henrik G. Jensen
Director, Food Control Department: Kristian Hermansen
The Veterinary Service:
Chief Veterinary Officer: Erik Stougaard
Legal Section:
A. Sunesen, Head of Division
P. Birk, Legal Officer
L. V. Carlsen, Veterinary Officer
Division for EU-Trade, Import/Export, Exotic Diseases etc.:
S. Ammendrup, Head of Division, Ass. Chief Veterinary Officer
M. Warming, Senior Veterinary Officer
B. Hendriksen, Senior Veterinary Officer
T. Bengtsen, Veterinary Officer
H. M. Hansen, Veterinary Officer
C. Kunst, Veterinary Officer
T. M¿rk, Veterinary Officer
B.F. Thomsen, Veterinary Officer
C. Th¿gersen, Veterinary Officer
Th. Pihl, Legal Officer
Division for Zoonoses, Animal Health and Welfare:
Chr. Halgaard, Head of Division, Ass. Chief Veterinary Officer
P.S. Madsen, Senior Veterinary Officer
Chr. Munck, Chief Veterinarian
L. F¾ster, Veterinary Officer
B.B. J¿rgensen, Veterinary Officer
J. Mygind, Veterinary Officer
A. Cleveland Nielsen, Veterinary Officer
S.B. Rasmussen, Veterinary Officer
P. Vestergaard, Veterinary Officer
Chr. Due Thomsen, Legal Officer
B. Borck, Veterinary Officer
M. Larsen, Cand.oecon.agro
T. Bastholm, Agronomist
33
Division for Veterinary Medicine, Animal Welfare and Keeping and Zootechnic
K. Andreasen, Head of Division, Ass. Chief Veterinary Officer
B. Broberg, Senior Veterinary Officer
T. Werner Bennedsgaard, Veterinary Officer
D. Krarup Eriksen, Veterinary Officer
V. Jacobsen, Veterinary Officer
S.K. Larsen, Veterinary Officer
K.H. Thorup, Veterinary Officer
A. Hede Jensen, Legal Officer
34
District veterinary officers, Animal Health
County
Name
Telephone-/Faxnumber
K¿benhavn, Frederiksborg,
Roskilde and Bornholm
K. Geersbro
Tel: +45 43 99 98 76
Fax: +45 43 99 65 34
Vestsj¾lland
E. Enemark
Tel: +45 57 61 41 41
Fax: +45 57 61 47 27
Storstr¿m
Sv. Johansen
Tel: +45 55 96 57 70
Fax: +45 55 96 57 71
Fyn
S¿nderjylland
K.G. Andreasen
C.A. Henriksen
Tel: +45 62 62 28 11
Fax: +45 62 62 29 40
Tel: +45 74 83 06 00
Fax: +45 74 83 14 55
Ribe
J.O. Eriksen
Tel: +45 75 17 45 00
Fax: +45 75 10 21 36
Vejle
H. J. S¿rensen
Tel: +45 75 85 78 20
Fax: +45 75 85 75 57
Ringk¿bing
K. K. Madsen
Tel: +45 97 41 40 99
Fax: +45 97 41 43 99
Aarhus
O. G. J¿rgensen
Tel: +45 86 21 51 55
Fax: +45 86 21 57 13
Viborg
T. M. Kjeldsen
Tel: +45 86 60 25 33
Fax: +45 86 61 11 64
Nordjylland S
G. M. Pedersen
Tel: +45 98 51 20
98
Fax: +45 98 51 20 11
Nordjylland N
P. K. Schaap
Tel: +45 98 82 36 22
Fax: +45 98 82 34 22
35
PRIVATE TELEPHONE NO'S FOR EMERGENCY CALLS
DURING WEEK-ENDS AND HOLIDAYS
Erik Stougaard
Chief Veterinary Officer
Telephone: +45 46 18 51 80
Mobile phone: +45 40 63 81 00
Animal health:
S. Ammendrup
Ass. Chief Veterinary Officer
Telephone: +45 46 35 65 28
Mobile phone: +45 40 75 06 21
Chr. Halgaard
Ass. Chief Veterinary Officer
Telephone: + 44 98 33 09
K. Andreasen
Ass. Chief Veterinary Officer
Telephone: +45 48 28 01 94
Animal welfare:
Birte Broberg
Senior Veterinary Officer
Telephone: +45 48 39 23 98
Public health:
Kristian Hermansen,
Director, Food Control Department
Telephone: +45 57 61 43 25
Birgitte Povlsen,
Head of Division, Senior Veterinary Officer
Telephone: +45 35 55 94 24
Mobile phone: +45 40 75 06 24
Lars Herborg,
Head of Division (Danish Contact Point Rapid Alert)
Telephone: +45 35 85 47 05