Lecture_Syllabus_Gillies - Kingsborough Community College
... Organic Compounds Once the names and structures of a variety of hydrocarbons are known, the student is ready to learn about other interesting organic compounds. Keeping in mind the valence rules learned earlier, the student should learn the functional groups encountered in this chapter. Then the stu ...
... Organic Compounds Once the names and structures of a variety of hydrocarbons are known, the student is ready to learn about other interesting organic compounds. Keeping in mind the valence rules learned earlier, the student should learn the functional groups encountered in this chapter. Then the stu ...
File
... period element • 3rd period elements, such as P and S, may have up to 12 electrons in their valence shells 3. differ only in distribution of valence electrons; the position of all nuclei must be the same 4. have the same number of paired and unpaired electrons ...
... period element • 3rd period elements, such as P and S, may have up to 12 electrons in their valence shells 3. differ only in distribution of valence electrons; the position of all nuclei must be the same 4. have the same number of paired and unpaired electrons ...
AP Chem Ch 21 Organic chemistry
... period element • 3rd period elements, such as P and S, may have up to 12 electrons in their valence shells 3. differ only in distribution of valence electrons; the position of all nuclei must be the same 4. have the same number of paired and unpaired electrons ...
... period element • 3rd period elements, such as P and S, may have up to 12 electrons in their valence shells 3. differ only in distribution of valence electrons; the position of all nuclei must be the same 4. have the same number of paired and unpaired electrons ...
Chapter 9, Part 1
... Chapter 9- Chemical Bonding Theories Valence Bond Theory: Uses Lewis Structures Bonds form using shared electrons between overlapping orbitals on adjacent atoms. Orbitals arrange around central atom to avoid each other. Two types of bonds: sigma () and pi (). Qualitative, visual- good f ...
... Chapter 9- Chemical Bonding Theories Valence Bond Theory: Uses Lewis Structures Bonds form using shared electrons between overlapping orbitals on adjacent atoms. Orbitals arrange around central atom to avoid each other. Two types of bonds: sigma () and pi (). Qualitative, visual- good f ...
Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions
... Constraints on Enolate Alkylation • SN2 reaction: the leaving group X can be chloride, bromide, iodide, or tosylate • R should be primary or methyl and preferably should be allylic or benzylic • Secondary halides react poorly, and tertiary halides don't react at all because of competing elimination ...
... Constraints on Enolate Alkylation • SN2 reaction: the leaving group X can be chloride, bromide, iodide, or tosylate • R should be primary or methyl and preferably should be allylic or benzylic • Secondary halides react poorly, and tertiary halides don't react at all because of competing elimination ...
Organic Chemistry
... Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 where n = 1,2,3,… • only single covalent bonds • saturated hydrocarbons because they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can bond with the number of carbon atoms in the molecule ...
... Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 where n = 1,2,3,… • only single covalent bonds • saturated hydrocarbons because they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can bond with the number of carbon atoms in the molecule ...
Oxidation/Reduction (Redox) Processes – A Brief Overview
... Oxidation and reduction occur together. If a chemical change results in a more positive oxidation number for an atom (“loss” of electrons), some other atom (or atoms) necessarily acquires a more negative oxidation number (“gain” of electrons). Note the formation of MgCl2, above. The term oxidizing a ...
... Oxidation and reduction occur together. If a chemical change results in a more positive oxidation number for an atom (“loss” of electrons), some other atom (or atoms) necessarily acquires a more negative oxidation number (“gain” of electrons). Note the formation of MgCl2, above. The term oxidizing a ...
Solubility Rules The following rules are used in several chemistry
... The strong bases are: NaOH, LiOH, KOH, Li2 O. When you look at the solubility chart, you will notice that other bases, such as Ca(OH) 2 and Ba(OH)2, are said to be soluble as well. However, except for the strong bases listed, all other bases are only SLIGHTLY soluble. Slightly soluble compounds mean ...
... The strong bases are: NaOH, LiOH, KOH, Li2 O. When you look at the solubility chart, you will notice that other bases, such as Ca(OH) 2 and Ba(OH)2, are said to be soluble as well. However, except for the strong bases listed, all other bases are only SLIGHTLY soluble. Slightly soluble compounds mean ...
3. Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
... Functional group - collection of atoms at a site that have a characteristic behavior in all molecules where it occurs The group reacts in a typical way, generally independent of the rest of the molecule For example, the double bonds in simple and complex alkenes react with bromine in the same way ...
... Functional group - collection of atoms at a site that have a characteristic behavior in all molecules where it occurs The group reacts in a typical way, generally independent of the rest of the molecule For example, the double bonds in simple and complex alkenes react with bromine in the same way ...
O usually has oxidation number of -2, except in peroxides where it is
... The sum of the oxidation numbers of the elements in a polyatomic ion must equal the ion charge. Consider these examples. If there are two poly atomic ions in a compound deal with them first. ...
... The sum of the oxidation numbers of the elements in a polyatomic ion must equal the ion charge. Consider these examples. If there are two poly atomic ions in a compound deal with them first. ...
3. Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
... Functional group - collection of atoms at a site that have a characteristic behavior in all molecules where it occurs The group reacts in a typical way, generally independent of the rest of the molecule For example, the double bonds in simple and complex alkenes react with bromine in the same way ...
... Functional group - collection of atoms at a site that have a characteristic behavior in all molecules where it occurs The group reacts in a typical way, generally independent of the rest of the molecule For example, the double bonds in simple and complex alkenes react with bromine in the same way ...
Final Exam A - Answers - San Diego Chemistry Tutor
... 11. You desire to use a laser to break O-H bonds on molecules. An O-H bond has a bond energy of 467 kJ/mol. Listed below are some lasers, which is the least expensive laser, that provides enough energy to be able to break O-H bonds? a) 157 nm ($35,000) b) 250 nm ($10,000) c) 405 nm ($5,000) d) 488 n ...
... 11. You desire to use a laser to break O-H bonds on molecules. An O-H bond has a bond energy of 467 kJ/mol. Listed below are some lasers, which is the least expensive laser, that provides enough energy to be able to break O-H bonds? a) 157 nm ($35,000) b) 250 nm ($10,000) c) 405 nm ($5,000) d) 488 n ...
chapter twenty-two organic and biological molecules
... When the two strands of a DNA molecule are compared, it is found that a given base in one strand is always found paired with a particular base in the other strand. Because of the shapes and side atoms along the rings of the nitrogen bases, only certain pairs are able to approach and hydrogen bond wi ...
... When the two strands of a DNA molecule are compared, it is found that a given base in one strand is always found paired with a particular base in the other strand. Because of the shapes and side atoms along the rings of the nitrogen bases, only certain pairs are able to approach and hydrogen bond wi ...
Power
... Computational data for methyl derivatives8,9,11 have clearly shown that the vinylidene and planar trans-bent C2h structures are the lowest energy isomers. With large substituents the vinylidene form is disfavored for steric reasons, and the planar, trans-bent isomer is the most stable. The trans-ben ...
... Computational data for methyl derivatives8,9,11 have clearly shown that the vinylidene and planar trans-bent C2h structures are the lowest energy isomers. With large substituents the vinylidene form is disfavored for steric reasons, and the planar, trans-bent isomer is the most stable. The trans-ben ...
Chapter 6 Notes Packet - Mahtomedi High School
... If we weigh out samples of all the elements to have a mass equal to that element’s average atomic mass in grams, all of the elements would contain the same number of atoms. This number would be ___________________, which is called a _______ in chemistry. This number is called __________ number for t ...
... If we weigh out samples of all the elements to have a mass equal to that element’s average atomic mass in grams, all of the elements would contain the same number of atoms. This number would be ___________________, which is called a _______ in chemistry. This number is called __________ number for t ...
Molecular Geometry
... 1. Add up the total # of valence electrons for all the atoms. Account for charge: If the species has a negative (–) charge: add one valence electron for each negative charge; for a positively charged (+) species, subtract one electron for each positive charge. 2. Draw the molecular skeleton and conn ...
... 1. Add up the total # of valence electrons for all the atoms. Account for charge: If the species has a negative (–) charge: add one valence electron for each negative charge; for a positively charged (+) species, subtract one electron for each positive charge. 2. Draw the molecular skeleton and conn ...
Synthesis and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of ISN
... downfield of 5.7M l5NH4Clin 0.1 M HC1) as are the 2J~sN-~~Nthe signals corresponding to these two types of nitrogen are values (8.5vs. 7 Hz), but considerably better resolution was observed at 225.1 and 39.3ppm, respectively. Thus, in both possible on more dilute solutions with use of FT methods. th ...
... downfield of 5.7M l5NH4Clin 0.1 M HC1) as are the 2J~sN-~~Nthe signals corresponding to these two types of nitrogen are values (8.5vs. 7 Hz), but considerably better resolution was observed at 225.1 and 39.3ppm, respectively. Thus, in both possible on more dilute solutions with use of FT methods. th ...
Principles of Biochemistry 4/e
... • Heteroglycans – a polymer of different monosaccharides • (note: glycan is a term for carbohydrate polymers) ...
... • Heteroglycans – a polymer of different monosaccharides • (note: glycan is a term for carbohydrate polymers) ...
CHM – 124 Principles of Chemistry
... Explain the nature of the gaseous state. Describe the characteristics of an ideal gas. State two reasons why real gases may deviate from the behavior predicted for an ideal gas. Sketch and explain the operation of a mercury barometer. List two factors that determine gas pressure in a vessel of fixed ...
... Explain the nature of the gaseous state. Describe the characteristics of an ideal gas. State two reasons why real gases may deviate from the behavior predicted for an ideal gas. Sketch and explain the operation of a mercury barometer. List two factors that determine gas pressure in a vessel of fixed ...
E30 ENANTIOMERS - CHIRALITY IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
... Definition: Conformational isomers (conformers) are structures that differ only by rotation about a single bond. They cannot normally be separated and possess identical physical and chemical properties. No bonds are broken when one conformation is converted into another. For example, the following s ...
... Definition: Conformational isomers (conformers) are structures that differ only by rotation about a single bond. They cannot normally be separated and possess identical physical and chemical properties. No bonds are broken when one conformation is converted into another. For example, the following s ...
Flavor Compounds Formation by Maillard Reaction
... functions and wound healing • Sour says to “proceed with caution,” since many foods sour as they deteriorate. • Umami signifies life-giving protein. • And bitter warns “spit it out, don’t touch it” because many natural toxins taste bitter ...
... functions and wound healing • Sour says to “proceed with caution,” since many foods sour as they deteriorate. • Umami signifies life-giving protein. • And bitter warns “spit it out, don’t touch it” because many natural toxins taste bitter ...
Homoaromaticity
Homoaromaticity in organic chemistry refers to a special case of aromaticity in which conjugation is interrupted by a single sp3 hybridized carbon atom. Although this sp3 center disrupts the continuous overlap of p-orbitals, traditionally thought to be a requirement for aromaticity, considerable thermodynamic stability and many of the spectroscopic, magnetic, and chemical properties associated with aromatic compounds are still observed for such compounds. This formal discontinuity is apparently bridged by p-orbital overlap, maintaining a contiguous cycle of π electrons that is responsible for this preserved chemical stability.The concept of homoaromaticity was pioneered by Saul Winstein in 1959, prompted by his studies of the “tris-homocyclopropenyl” cation. Since the publication of Winstein's paper, much research has been devoted to understanding and classifying these molecules, which represent an additional “class” of aromatic molecules included under the continuously broadening definition of aromaticity. To date, homoaromatic compounds are known to exist as cationic and anionic species, and some studies support the existence of neutral homoaromatic molecules, though these are less common. The 'homotropylium' cation (C8H9+) is perhaps the best studied example of a homoaromatic compound.