Chemical Compounds
... ___________________________________ Multiple Oxidation States Some atoms can form more than one possible ion. For example, iron. Iron can be either a +2 or +3. These possible ionic states are also called “oxidation states” for reasons that will be clearer when we discuss electrochemistry. ...
... ___________________________________ Multiple Oxidation States Some atoms can form more than one possible ion. For example, iron. Iron can be either a +2 or +3. These possible ionic states are also called “oxidation states” for reasons that will be clearer when we discuss electrochemistry. ...
P BLOCK ELEMENT
... Density: Density increases from boron to thallium. However, boron and aluminium have comparatively low ...
... Density: Density increases from boron to thallium. However, boron and aluminium have comparatively low ...
Chapter 8. CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
... Problem 8.5. Give the structure of an aldol that may be obtained on treating butyraldehyde (butanal) with a base. Explain the role of a catalyst used. The mixed aldol condensation. Two different carbonyl compounds can react in a mixed, or crossed manner to give four possible products. In general, ba ...
... Problem 8.5. Give the structure of an aldol that may be obtained on treating butyraldehyde (butanal) with a base. Explain the role of a catalyst used. The mixed aldol condensation. Two different carbonyl compounds can react in a mixed, or crossed manner to give four possible products. In general, ba ...
Chapter 12 Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Oxidation
... (acetaldehyde), and then to CH3COO¯ (the acetate anion). • This oxidation is catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase. • If more ethanol is ingested than can be metabolized, the concentration of acetaldehyde increases. Acetaldehyde, which is toxic, is responsible for the feelings associated with a hangove ...
... (acetaldehyde), and then to CH3COO¯ (the acetate anion). • This oxidation is catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase. • If more ethanol is ingested than can be metabolized, the concentration of acetaldehyde increases. Acetaldehyde, which is toxic, is responsible for the feelings associated with a hangove ...
Unit 8 – Organic Chemistry
... Intro to Organic Chem • Up to this point, no organic compound had been synthesized from inorganic materials and, as a result, many scientists believed that organic compounds were formed only under the influence of a vital force. • It was Friedrich Wöhler (1800–1882) who, in 1828, made a remarkable ...
... Intro to Organic Chem • Up to this point, no organic compound had been synthesized from inorganic materials and, as a result, many scientists believed that organic compounds were formed only under the influence of a vital force. • It was Friedrich Wöhler (1800–1882) who, in 1828, made a remarkable ...
Oxidation-Reduction (REDOX) Reactions
... oxidation-reduction reaction: a reaction in which one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Originally, oxidation meant that an atom was combined with oxygen, and was therefore “oxidized”. For example: 2 Cu + O2 → 2 CuO If we split this reaction into two “half-reactions,” we wo ...
... oxidation-reduction reaction: a reaction in which one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Originally, oxidation meant that an atom was combined with oxygen, and was therefore “oxidized”. For example: 2 Cu + O2 → 2 CuO If we split this reaction into two “half-reactions,” we wo ...
oxidationnumbers
... DETERMINING OXIDATION NUMBERS (from Dr. Raynor) If the compound is ionic, first separate it into its component ions. Treat each of the component ions separately, using the rules given below, to assign oxidation numbers to each of the elements in each ion. [Note: the oxidation number is for each indi ...
... DETERMINING OXIDATION NUMBERS (from Dr. Raynor) If the compound is ionic, first separate it into its component ions. Treat each of the component ions separately, using the rules given below, to assign oxidation numbers to each of the elements in each ion. [Note: the oxidation number is for each indi ...
04_Label_Edit_Images
... phosphorus atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms; one oxygen is bonded to the carbon skeleton; two oxygens carry negative charges. The phosphate group (—OPO32–, abbreviated P ) is an ionized form of a phosphoric acid group (—OPO3H2; note the two ...
... phosphorus atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms; one oxygen is bonded to the carbon skeleton; two oxygens carry negative charges. The phosphate group (—OPO32–, abbreviated P ) is an ionized form of a phosphoric acid group (—OPO3H2; note the two ...
On the Chromophore of the Ninhydrin
... purple) the extension o f the conjugated ^-electron system results in a blue shift o f the longest-wavelength absorption by more than 100 nm. Because both ring systems are equivalent the both fivemembered rings should have a comparable signifi cant anti-aromatic character. The two equivalent CPC fr ...
... purple) the extension o f the conjugated ^-electron system results in a blue shift o f the longest-wavelength absorption by more than 100 nm. Because both ring systems are equivalent the both fivemembered rings should have a comparable signifi cant anti-aromatic character. The two equivalent CPC fr ...
Gas Phase HAP Chemistry
... biogenic sources (see version 4.6 release notes). Other species simulate the fate and transport of Cl2 and HCl. ...
... biogenic sources (see version 4.6 release notes). Other species simulate the fate and transport of Cl2 and HCl. ...
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
... electron flow from the chemical species at one pole of the battery, through the motor, to the chemical species at the other pole of the battery. Because the two chemical species differ in their affinity for electrons, electrons flow spontaneously through the circuit, driven by a force proportional t ...
... electron flow from the chemical species at one pole of the battery, through the motor, to the chemical species at the other pole of the battery. Because the two chemical species differ in their affinity for electrons, electrons flow spontaneously through the circuit, driven by a force proportional t ...
Marine Cyanobacteria Source of Lead Compounds of
... Marine cyanobacterial compounds are found to target tubulin or actin filaments in eukaryotic cells, making them an attractive source of natural products as anticancer agents. M. A. Jordan and L. Wilson, “Microtubules and actin filaments: dynamic targets for cancer ...
... Marine cyanobacterial compounds are found to target tubulin or actin filaments in eukaryotic cells, making them an attractive source of natural products as anticancer agents. M. A. Jordan and L. Wilson, “Microtubules and actin filaments: dynamic targets for cancer ...
Chemistry Unit Notes Organizing the Periodic Table All the elements
... The Subatomic Particles Protons – These particles are positively charged particles that are found in the nucleus. Protons are very important because the number of protons in the atom determine what the atom is. Example: an atom with 8 protons will always be an oxygen atom. Neutrons – These particles ...
... The Subatomic Particles Protons – These particles are positively charged particles that are found in the nucleus. Protons are very important because the number of protons in the atom determine what the atom is. Example: an atom with 8 protons will always be an oxygen atom. Neutrons – These particles ...
Section 3.5 Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Names
... • Molecular compounds form between two nonmetals – The atoms in molecular compounds don’t form ions – they share electrons. For this reason the same combination of elements can form a number of different molecular compounds. ...
... • Molecular compounds form between two nonmetals – The atoms in molecular compounds don’t form ions – they share electrons. For this reason the same combination of elements can form a number of different molecular compounds. ...
ch02 by Dr. Dina
... All carbon-carbon bonds are exactly equal in length (1.38 Å) This is between the length of a carbon-carbon single bond and a carbon-carbon double bond ...
... All carbon-carbon bonds are exactly equal in length (1.38 Å) This is between the length of a carbon-carbon single bond and a carbon-carbon double bond ...
Lecture 13a - UCLA Chemistry and Biochemistry
... • When analyzing any spectrum, the student has to keep in mind that the sample still might contain: • The solvents used in the reaction or during the purification i.e., ethyl acetate, hexane, acetic acid, ethanol, water, etc. • Unreacted starting material i.e., acetyl ferrocene, chalcone, phenyl hyd ...
... • When analyzing any spectrum, the student has to keep in mind that the sample still might contain: • The solvents used in the reaction or during the purification i.e., ethyl acetate, hexane, acetic acid, ethanol, water, etc. • Unreacted starting material i.e., acetyl ferrocene, chalcone, phenyl hyd ...
Bio 2 alkanes+isomerism
... Suppose we want to add one more C atom to propane. We have two different kinds of H we can replace, a methylene H or a methyl H. If we replace the methyl H, we have butane. If we replace the methylene H, we have a skeletal isomer of butane. This isomer of butane has a common or trivial name, isobuta ...
... Suppose we want to add one more C atom to propane. We have two different kinds of H we can replace, a methylene H or a methyl H. If we replace the methyl H, we have butane. If we replace the methylene H, we have a skeletal isomer of butane. This isomer of butane has a common or trivial name, isobuta ...
Chapter 8 Alkenes and Alkynes II
... Product with the more stable carbocation intermediate predominat es Transition state for the rate determining step (first step) resembles a carbocation and is stabilized by factors which stabilize carbocations ...
... Product with the more stable carbocation intermediate predominat es Transition state for the rate determining step (first step) resembles a carbocation and is stabilized by factors which stabilize carbocations ...
HYDROCARBONS
... • Alkanes area class of HYDROCARBONS which contain only carbon and hydrogen. Two other terms which describe alkanes are saturated and paraffins. • Alkanes are SATURATED which means that each carbon is bonded to four other atoms through single covalent bonds. Hydrogen atoms usually occupy all availab ...
... • Alkanes area class of HYDROCARBONS which contain only carbon and hydrogen. Two other terms which describe alkanes are saturated and paraffins. • Alkanes are SATURATED which means that each carbon is bonded to four other atoms through single covalent bonds. Hydrogen atoms usually occupy all availab ...
Homoaromaticity
Homoaromaticity in organic chemistry refers to a special case of aromaticity in which conjugation is interrupted by a single sp3 hybridized carbon atom. Although this sp3 center disrupts the continuous overlap of p-orbitals, traditionally thought to be a requirement for aromaticity, considerable thermodynamic stability and many of the spectroscopic, magnetic, and chemical properties associated with aromatic compounds are still observed for such compounds. This formal discontinuity is apparently bridged by p-orbital overlap, maintaining a contiguous cycle of π electrons that is responsible for this preserved chemical stability.The concept of homoaromaticity was pioneered by Saul Winstein in 1959, prompted by his studies of the “tris-homocyclopropenyl” cation. Since the publication of Winstein's paper, much research has been devoted to understanding and classifying these molecules, which represent an additional “class” of aromatic molecules included under the continuously broadening definition of aromaticity. To date, homoaromatic compounds are known to exist as cationic and anionic species, and some studies support the existence of neutral homoaromatic molecules, though these are less common. The 'homotropylium' cation (C8H9+) is perhaps the best studied example of a homoaromatic compound.