Chapter 4 Alkanes
... • The Baeyer strain theory was formulated when it was thought that rings were flat. It states that larger rings would be very highly strained, as their bond angles would be very different from the optimum 109.5°. • It turns out that cycloalkanes with more than three C atoms in the ring are not flat ...
... • The Baeyer strain theory was formulated when it was thought that rings were flat. It states that larger rings would be very highly strained, as their bond angles would be very different from the optimum 109.5°. • It turns out that cycloalkanes with more than three C atoms in the ring are not flat ...
AP CHEMISTRY FINAL EXAM THINGS TO KNOW AND REVIEW
... 1. Review titration reactions with an acid being used to determine the molarity of a basic solution. 2. Know how to determine the oxidation numbers of atoms in compounds…review the rules of determining oxidation numbers. 3. Know what OILRIG means and memorize it. Know how to determine if an element ...
... 1. Review titration reactions with an acid being used to determine the molarity of a basic solution. 2. Know how to determine the oxidation numbers of atoms in compounds…review the rules of determining oxidation numbers. 3. Know what OILRIG means and memorize it. Know how to determine if an element ...
Topic 20 Organic Chemistry
... 2. Compound A is a bromoalkane. When compound A reacts with warm dilute sodium hydroxide solution an organic compound B is formed which has a relative molar mass of 74.12 and contains 64.81 % carbon, 13.60 % hydrogen and 21.59 % oxygen by mass. Compound B can be oxidised by an acidified solution of ...
... 2. Compound A is a bromoalkane. When compound A reacts with warm dilute sodium hydroxide solution an organic compound B is formed which has a relative molar mass of 74.12 and contains 64.81 % carbon, 13.60 % hydrogen and 21.59 % oxygen by mass. Compound B can be oxidised by an acidified solution of ...
Preparation of Alkyl Halides
... A Note on Oxidation and Reduction in Organic Chemistry Oxidations and reductions (redox reactions) have been met already at several points on this course (e.g. the perhydroxylation and hydrogenation of alkenes in class 14 and the hydrogenation of alkynes in class 15). At this point, it is worth noti ...
... A Note on Oxidation and Reduction in Organic Chemistry Oxidations and reductions (redox reactions) have been met already at several points on this course (e.g. the perhydroxylation and hydrogenation of alkenes in class 14 and the hydrogenation of alkynes in class 15). At this point, it is worth noti ...
Elements Compounds
... Ionic bond – electron from Na is transferred to Cl, this causes a charge imbalance in each atom. The Na becomes (Na+) and the Cl becomes (Cl-), charged particles or ions. ...
... Ionic bond – electron from Na is transferred to Cl, this causes a charge imbalance in each atom. The Na becomes (Na+) and the Cl becomes (Cl-), charged particles or ions. ...
A2 Chemistry
... Each C atom has 4 outer shell electrons. 3 of these e¯ bond to 2 other C atoms and 1 H atom. The bonds in this plane are called sigma bonds. The 4th outer shell e⁻ in a 2p orbital above and below the plane of the carbon atoms. ...
... Each C atom has 4 outer shell electrons. 3 of these e¯ bond to 2 other C atoms and 1 H atom. The bonds in this plane are called sigma bonds. The 4th outer shell e⁻ in a 2p orbital above and below the plane of the carbon atoms. ...
Functional Groups
... the carbon chain. • The difference between: – 1o (primary): A primary carbon atom is attached to 1 functional group and at least 2 hydrogen atoms. – 2o (secondary): A secondary carbon atom is attached to 1 functional group, 1 hydrogen atom and 2 alkyl groups. – 3o (tertiary): A tertiary carbon atom ...
... the carbon chain. • The difference between: – 1o (primary): A primary carbon atom is attached to 1 functional group and at least 2 hydrogen atoms. – 2o (secondary): A secondary carbon atom is attached to 1 functional group, 1 hydrogen atom and 2 alkyl groups. – 3o (tertiary): A tertiary carbon atom ...
Grade 12 Chemistry LC2, Chapter 10 summary
... Where do all the alcohols needed by industry come from? 1- Cracking process is used to synthesize ethanol, the two-carbon compound that contains an alcohol functional group. ...
... Where do all the alcohols needed by industry come from? 1- Cracking process is used to synthesize ethanol, the two-carbon compound that contains an alcohol functional group. ...
Midterm I: Answer Key
... 9. Write electronic configurations for carbon in the ground state and after promotion (in an excited state) (6 points) After promotion: 1s22s12p3 Ground state: 1s22s22p2 Note that promotion is not the same as hybridization. The electronic configuration after hybridization depends on what kind of hyb ...
... 9. Write electronic configurations for carbon in the ground state and after promotion (in an excited state) (6 points) After promotion: 1s22s12p3 Ground state: 1s22s22p2 Note that promotion is not the same as hybridization. The electronic configuration after hybridization depends on what kind of hyb ...
Hydrocarbons - New York Science Teacher
... location of the attached “methyl” groups - Since there are two “methyl” groups you must use the prefix “di” (dimethyl) - Notice that one is on carbon 2 and the other on carbon 3 - So the final name would be 2,3 dimethyl Butane ...
... location of the attached “methyl” groups - Since there are two “methyl” groups you must use the prefix “di” (dimethyl) - Notice that one is on carbon 2 and the other on carbon 3 - So the final name would be 2,3 dimethyl Butane ...
Hydrocarbons - Haiku for Ignatius
... When double or triple bonding occurs in the carbon-carbon chain, the hydrocarbon is Unsaturated. The double and triple bonds can break and hydrogens can be added. ...
... When double or triple bonding occurs in the carbon-carbon chain, the hydrocarbon is Unsaturated. The double and triple bonds can break and hydrogens can be added. ...
1H-NMR and 13C-NMR Spectra - Royal Society of Chemistry
... The 1H-NMR spectrum of 1 shows three multiplets in the aromatic region centered at = 8.30, 9.30 and 9.45 ppm for the 1-H, 2-H and the 2´-H protons (Figure 1), respectively. Downfield shifts were observed for these protons in 3 when compared to 1, which is very similar to that observed in axially a ...
... The 1H-NMR spectrum of 1 shows three multiplets in the aromatic region centered at = 8.30, 9.30 and 9.45 ppm for the 1-H, 2-H and the 2´-H protons (Figure 1), respectively. Downfield shifts were observed for these protons in 3 when compared to 1, which is very similar to that observed in axially a ...
Experiment 10 — Qualitative Analysis
... tool for structure determination in the early days of organic chemistry. An alkene, for example, can be identified by its reaction with Br2 — disappearance of the red-brown color of the bromine provides clear visual evidence that a reaction has occurred. Similarly, upon treatment with chromic acid, ...
... tool for structure determination in the early days of organic chemistry. An alkene, for example, can be identified by its reaction with Br2 — disappearance of the red-brown color of the bromine provides clear visual evidence that a reaction has occurred. Similarly, upon treatment with chromic acid, ...
Technology: TA3 Engineering: EB3
... of Pure and Applied Chemistry). There are a number of rules for each type of organic compound only simple hydrocarbon chains and alcohols will be instructed below. When naming straight chains of hydrocarbons a prefix is added indicating the number of carbons to the suffix matching the type (e.g. eth ...
... of Pure and Applied Chemistry). There are a number of rules for each type of organic compound only simple hydrocarbon chains and alcohols will be instructed below. When naming straight chains of hydrocarbons a prefix is added indicating the number of carbons to the suffix matching the type (e.g. eth ...
Unit 1 Test: Organic Chemistry Name
... d. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) can also be used to test for unsaturated hydrocarbons. If KMnO4(aq) is added to ethane, the colour of the KMnO4 solution changes from purple to clear. What type of reaction has occurred? (1 mark) ______________________________________________________________________ ...
... d. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) can also be used to test for unsaturated hydrocarbons. If KMnO4(aq) is added to ethane, the colour of the KMnO4 solution changes from purple to clear. What type of reaction has occurred? (1 mark) ______________________________________________________________________ ...
Chapter 14 equilibria in acid-base solutions
... + Zn2+ (aq) + 4NH3 (aq) ⇌ Zn(NH3)42+ (aq) Kf = 3.6 x 108 Zn(OH)2 (s) + 4NH3 (aq) ⇌ Zn(NH3)42+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) ...
... + Zn2+ (aq) + 4NH3 (aq) ⇌ Zn(NH3)42+ (aq) Kf = 3.6 x 108 Zn(OH)2 (s) + 4NH3 (aq) ⇌ Zn(NH3)42+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) ...
INTRODUCTION TO LEWIS ACID
... refers to the particular part of the molecule susceptible to nucleophilic attack. To avoid confusion, the term substrate is frequently used in reference to electrophiles. This term denotes a molecule being acted upon by another agent. For example, an enzyme substrate is a molecule being modified by ...
... refers to the particular part of the molecule susceptible to nucleophilic attack. To avoid confusion, the term substrate is frequently used in reference to electrophiles. This term denotes a molecule being acted upon by another agent. For example, an enzyme substrate is a molecule being modified by ...
CHEM 212B, Organic Chemistry - City College of San Francisco
... A continuation of CHEM 212A. The second semester of a one-year course in organic chemistry for students who major in chemistry, biochemistry, and other chemistry-intensive sciences. IV. MAJOR LEARNING OUTCOMES Upon completion of this course a student will be able to: A. Name and draw the structures ...
... A continuation of CHEM 212A. The second semester of a one-year course in organic chemistry for students who major in chemistry, biochemistry, and other chemistry-intensive sciences. IV. MAJOR LEARNING OUTCOMES Upon completion of this course a student will be able to: A. Name and draw the structures ...
Homoaromaticity
Homoaromaticity in organic chemistry refers to a special case of aromaticity in which conjugation is interrupted by a single sp3 hybridized carbon atom. Although this sp3 center disrupts the continuous overlap of p-orbitals, traditionally thought to be a requirement for aromaticity, considerable thermodynamic stability and many of the spectroscopic, magnetic, and chemical properties associated with aromatic compounds are still observed for such compounds. This formal discontinuity is apparently bridged by p-orbital overlap, maintaining a contiguous cycle of π electrons that is responsible for this preserved chemical stability.The concept of homoaromaticity was pioneered by Saul Winstein in 1959, prompted by his studies of the “tris-homocyclopropenyl” cation. Since the publication of Winstein's paper, much research has been devoted to understanding and classifying these molecules, which represent an additional “class” of aromatic molecules included under the continuously broadening definition of aromaticity. To date, homoaromatic compounds are known to exist as cationic and anionic species, and some studies support the existence of neutral homoaromatic molecules, though these are less common. The 'homotropylium' cation (C8H9+) is perhaps the best studied example of a homoaromatic compound.