Organic Chemistry - GZ @ Science Class Online
... Oxidation reactions involve a lost of electrons from the organic molecule or a gain of oxygen. An oxidant such as dichromate or permanganate is used. Polymerisation reactions join monomers together to form a polymer. Addition polymerisation breaks double bonds of alkenes and joins monomers Condensat ...
... Oxidation reactions involve a lost of electrons from the organic molecule or a gain of oxygen. An oxidant such as dichromate or permanganate is used. Polymerisation reactions join monomers together to form a polymer. Addition polymerisation breaks double bonds of alkenes and joins monomers Condensat ...
Aldehydes and ketones
... Aldehyde and ketone functional group • Aldehyde groups may be bound to ring structures, but can’t, themselves, be part of a ring structure. Ketones can form part of a ring structure. • Also, note that cyclic ketones aren’t heterocyclic compounds (have noncarbon atoms within the ring structure) ...
... Aldehyde and ketone functional group • Aldehyde groups may be bound to ring structures, but can’t, themselves, be part of a ring structure. Ketones can form part of a ring structure. • Also, note that cyclic ketones aren’t heterocyclic compounds (have noncarbon atoms within the ring structure) ...
Hydride ions in oxide hosts hidden by hydroxide ions
... positions for protons and metallic hydrides. Indeed, usually diso(H þ ) varies from þ 20 to 0 p.p.m. (ref. 32), whereas metallic hydrides, such as TiH2, typically exhibit diso(H ) below 0 p.p.m. (ref. 28). Our data suggest that electron density should be larger around H þ than around H nuclei, p ...
... positions for protons and metallic hydrides. Indeed, usually diso(H þ ) varies from þ 20 to 0 p.p.m. (ref. 32), whereas metallic hydrides, such as TiH2, typically exhibit diso(H ) below 0 p.p.m. (ref. 28). Our data suggest that electron density should be larger around H þ than around H nuclei, p ...
Clathrates - An Exploration of the Chemistry of Caged Compounds
... Na gSi46, Nax Si 136 (X= 1-24) etc. are formed. Rb+ and Cs+ are too large to be incorporated into the cages of Si and Ge. Sn, however, forms clathrates with Rb + and Cs +yielding solids like RbzCS6 Sn46, Cs gSn46, K1.6CS6.4Sn44 and others. Figure 5 shows the inorganic clathrate structure. Inorganic ...
... Na gSi46, Nax Si 136 (X= 1-24) etc. are formed. Rb+ and Cs+ are too large to be incorporated into the cages of Si and Ge. Sn, however, forms clathrates with Rb + and Cs +yielding solids like RbzCS6 Sn46, Cs gSn46, K1.6CS6.4Sn44 and others. Figure 5 shows the inorganic clathrate structure. Inorganic ...
Properties of Ionic Compounds
... b. Each nitrogen atom needs three electrons to have an octet, but each magnesium atom can lose only two electrons. Three magnesium atoms are needed for every two nitrogen atoms. ...
... b. Each nitrogen atom needs three electrons to have an octet, but each magnesium atom can lose only two electrons. Three magnesium atoms are needed for every two nitrogen atoms. ...
and Lead Bis(tri-tert-butoxystannate)
... with the Pb-Fe distances in [Pb{Fe(CO),},] (2.62(1) A)[71 or in the dianion [Pb{Fe(CO),),Fe,(C0),]20 (2.62(1)2.83(1) A).[*]The bonds from the distorted tetrahedrally coordinated germanium atoms can be regarded as simple (r bonds (in [Ge{Fe(CO),},]: Ge-Fe = 2.41(2) A['] and in the [GeFe4(CO),4]Ze dia ...
... with the Pb-Fe distances in [Pb{Fe(CO),},] (2.62(1) A)[71 or in the dianion [Pb{Fe(CO),),Fe,(C0),]20 (2.62(1)2.83(1) A).[*]The bonds from the distorted tetrahedrally coordinated germanium atoms can be regarded as simple (r bonds (in [Ge{Fe(CO),},]: Ge-Fe = 2.41(2) A['] and in the [GeFe4(CO),4]Ze dia ...
Organolithium reagent
... Organolithium compounds are strongly polarised by the electropositive character of lithium. They are therefore highly reactive nucleophiles and react with almost all types of electrophiles. They are comparable to Grignard reagents, but are much more reactive. Due to this reactivity they are incompat ...
... Organolithium compounds are strongly polarised by the electropositive character of lithium. They are therefore highly reactive nucleophiles and react with almost all types of electrophiles. They are comparable to Grignard reagents, but are much more reactive. Due to this reactivity they are incompat ...
UV Spectroscopy
... Two sources are required to scan the entire UV-VIS band: Deuterium lamp – covers the UV – 200-330 ...
... Two sources are required to scan the entire UV-VIS band: Deuterium lamp – covers the UV – 200-330 ...
Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
... ■ As we saw earlier, the delocalized electrons in benzene give it a special stability. ■ Benzene does not undergo addition reactions, as this would lead to a loss of the stable benzene ring to produce a product with higher energy. ...
... ■ As we saw earlier, the delocalized electrons in benzene give it a special stability. ■ Benzene does not undergo addition reactions, as this would lead to a loss of the stable benzene ring to produce a product with higher energy. ...
Fragmentations Associated with Organic Functional Groups
... ketones, cleavage usually occurs on both sides of the carbonyl function, the more abundant cleavage reflects the relative stabilities of both the acylium cation and the radical. Also, carbonyl compounds that have a hydrogen atom on a carbon three atoms away from the carbonyl carbon (i.e. a -hydroge ...
... ketones, cleavage usually occurs on both sides of the carbonyl function, the more abundant cleavage reflects the relative stabilities of both the acylium cation and the radical. Also, carbonyl compounds that have a hydrogen atom on a carbon three atoms away from the carbonyl carbon (i.e. a -hydroge ...
Nexera UC Scouting - Shimadzu Europa GmbH
... Projects in drug discovery and safety are constantly aiming at the development of novel and safer drugs, therapeutics and diagnostics. During API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) development, drug stereoisomerism is recognized as an issue having clinical and regulatory implications. Enantiomers ha ...
... Projects in drug discovery and safety are constantly aiming at the development of novel and safer drugs, therapeutics and diagnostics. During API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) development, drug stereoisomerism is recognized as an issue having clinical and regulatory implications. Enantiomers ha ...
m3 isomerismintro
... Functional Group different functional group different chemical properties different physical properties • Sometimes more than one type of isomerism occurs in the same molecule. • The more carbon atoms there are, the greater the number of possible isomers ...
... Functional Group different functional group different chemical properties different physical properties • Sometimes more than one type of isomerism occurs in the same molecule. • The more carbon atoms there are, the greater the number of possible isomers ...
Uranyl Ion Complexes with Ammoniobenzoates as
... for 4) and a minimum redundancy of 4 for 90% of the reflections) were processed with HKL2000.9 Absorption effects were corrected empirically with the program SCALEPACK.9 The structures were solved by direct methods (1–4) or Patterson map interpretation (5) with SHELXS97, expanded by subsequent Four ...
... for 4) and a minimum redundancy of 4 for 90% of the reflections) were processed with HKL2000.9 Absorption effects were corrected empirically with the program SCALEPACK.9 The structures were solved by direct methods (1–4) or Patterson map interpretation (5) with SHELXS97, expanded by subsequent Four ...
Syllabus of M.Sc – Chemistry
... compounds, pericyclic and photochemical reactions. Aromaticity: Aromaticity in benzenoid and non-benzenoid compounds, Alternant and non-alternant hydrocarbons, Huckel's rule, Energy level of -molecular orbitals, Annulenes, Antiaromaticity, -Aromaticity, Homo-aromaticity, PMO approach. Stereochemis ...
... compounds, pericyclic and photochemical reactions. Aromaticity: Aromaticity in benzenoid and non-benzenoid compounds, Alternant and non-alternant hydrocarbons, Huckel's rule, Energy level of -molecular orbitals, Annulenes, Antiaromaticity, -Aromaticity, Homo-aromaticity, PMO approach. Stereochemis ...
Chemical bonding and structure
... as protons and electrons. This is because the number of protons (+) is equal to the number of electrons (−), and so their charges cancel each other out. The positively charged protons, located within the nucleus of the atom, are not transferred during chemical reactions. Electrons, however, position ...
... as protons and electrons. This is because the number of protons (+) is equal to the number of electrons (−), and so their charges cancel each other out. The positively charged protons, located within the nucleus of the atom, are not transferred during chemical reactions. Electrons, however, position ...
PREPARATION, STRUCTURAL STUDIES AND CHEMICAL
... currently under intensive development. A good illustration of this trend is the number of published research papers; with SciFinder indicating that more than half of about 10000 works have been published since 2000 year. There are many factors that attract research interest to this field. The most i ...
... currently under intensive development. A good illustration of this trend is the number of published research papers; with SciFinder indicating that more than half of about 10000 works have been published since 2000 year. There are many factors that attract research interest to this field. The most i ...
01. Introduction of bioorganic chemistry. Classification, structure
... 4. If the same alkyl groups occur more than once, indicate this by prefix (di-, tri-, tetra etc) (dimethyl indicates two methyl groups). The numbers indicating the positions of these alkyl groups are separated by comma, followed by a hyphen, and placed in front of the name (2,3-dimethyl). 5. When se ...
... 4. If the same alkyl groups occur more than once, indicate this by prefix (di-, tri-, tetra etc) (dimethyl indicates two methyl groups). The numbers indicating the positions of these alkyl groups are separated by comma, followed by a hyphen, and placed in front of the name (2,3-dimethyl). 5. When se ...
Terrahedron Letters. Vo1.32, No.43, pi 6089
... epoxy alcohol 13 rather than the product of a 5-exo opening, namely a C-ribose acetonide derivative ...
... epoxy alcohol 13 rather than the product of a 5-exo opening, namely a C-ribose acetonide derivative ...
Lecture 7a
... • The sample is (completely) adsorbed on the stationary phase before the mobile phase (the solvent) moves across the stationary phase • The strength of interaction of the compound with the stationary phase, the solubility of the compound in the mobile phase as well as the eluting power of the mobile ...
... • The sample is (completely) adsorbed on the stationary phase before the mobile phase (the solvent) moves across the stationary phase • The strength of interaction of the compound with the stationary phase, the solubility of the compound in the mobile phase as well as the eluting power of the mobile ...
CHAPTER 8 Structures and nomenclature of organic
... covalent bonds with many other atoms. • Carbon has four outershell electrons, which it can share with atoms of H, O, N, S, P and the halogens to form strong covalent bonds. In doing so, the fully shared octet of electrons is responsible for the relative stability of its compounds. • Because of the ...
... covalent bonds with many other atoms. • Carbon has four outershell electrons, which it can share with atoms of H, O, N, S, P and the halogens to form strong covalent bonds. In doing so, the fully shared octet of electrons is responsible for the relative stability of its compounds. • Because of the ...
45.1 Inter-conversions between the functional groups
... 3. Percentage yield of the synthetic route Organic syntheses seldom give a 100% yield since organic reactions seldom go to completion or by-products may be produced. 45.2 Considerations in planning a synthetic route P. 30 / 70 ...
... 3. Percentage yield of the synthetic route Organic syntheses seldom give a 100% yield since organic reactions seldom go to completion or by-products may be produced. 45.2 Considerations in planning a synthetic route P. 30 / 70 ...
Chapter 3
... The assembly of individual molecular units driven by intermolecular interactions represents the central scope of supramolecular chemistry.1 Its principles can be applied in the solid state to the formation of supramolecular networks. These networks can be mono dimensional 1D, 2D or 3D and this depen ...
... The assembly of individual molecular units driven by intermolecular interactions represents the central scope of supramolecular chemistry.1 Its principles can be applied in the solid state to the formation of supramolecular networks. These networks can be mono dimensional 1D, 2D or 3D and this depen ...
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS IN ALKYNE CHEMISTRY
... Carbon nucleophiles are widely used in organic synthesis to create new carbon-carbon bonds when they react with electrophiles, and therefore exapand a carbon chain. To be nucleophilic, the carbon atom must be bonded to a less electronegative atom to create a dipole favoring higher electron density o ...
... Carbon nucleophiles are widely used in organic synthesis to create new carbon-carbon bonds when they react with electrophiles, and therefore exapand a carbon chain. To be nucleophilic, the carbon atom must be bonded to a less electronegative atom to create a dipole favoring higher electron density o ...
High Oxygen Pressures and the Stabilization of the Highest
... in covalency, induced by the increase of the formal oxidation state for a transition metal is able to modify the electronic properties of the corresponding oxides. These properties can be classified in two main categories: – the intra-atomic ones – the same 3d orbitals of the M n+ cation being invol ...
... in covalency, induced by the increase of the formal oxidation state for a transition metal is able to modify the electronic properties of the corresponding oxides. These properties can be classified in two main categories: – the intra-atomic ones – the same 3d orbitals of the M n+ cation being invol ...
INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC NOMENCLATURE
... The carbon atoms directly engaged π-bonding in alkenes are referred to as vinylic. An sp3 carbon directly attached to a vinylic carbon is referred to as allylic. Finally, an sp3 carbon directly attached to a benzene ring is referred to as benzylic. ...
... The carbon atoms directly engaged π-bonding in alkenes are referred to as vinylic. An sp3 carbon directly attached to a vinylic carbon is referred to as allylic. Finally, an sp3 carbon directly attached to a benzene ring is referred to as benzylic. ...
Homoaromaticity
Homoaromaticity in organic chemistry refers to a special case of aromaticity in which conjugation is interrupted by a single sp3 hybridized carbon atom. Although this sp3 center disrupts the continuous overlap of p-orbitals, traditionally thought to be a requirement for aromaticity, considerable thermodynamic stability and many of the spectroscopic, magnetic, and chemical properties associated with aromatic compounds are still observed for such compounds. This formal discontinuity is apparently bridged by p-orbital overlap, maintaining a contiguous cycle of π electrons that is responsible for this preserved chemical stability.The concept of homoaromaticity was pioneered by Saul Winstein in 1959, prompted by his studies of the “tris-homocyclopropenyl” cation. Since the publication of Winstein's paper, much research has been devoted to understanding and classifying these molecules, which represent an additional “class” of aromatic molecules included under the continuously broadening definition of aromaticity. To date, homoaromatic compounds are known to exist as cationic and anionic species, and some studies support the existence of neutral homoaromatic molecules, though these are less common. The 'homotropylium' cation (C8H9+) is perhaps the best studied example of a homoaromatic compound.