Eagleman Ch 14. Motivation and Reward
... It collects information about the internal state of the body and initiates responses. There are many different nuclei within the hypothalamus. Some seem to be predominantly input while others are mostly output nuclei. ...
... It collects information about the internal state of the body and initiates responses. There are many different nuclei within the hypothalamus. Some seem to be predominantly input while others are mostly output nuclei. ...
Brain Stem Involvement in Immune and Aversive Challenge Jakob Paues
... environment. This process is called homeostasis and has proved to be a very efficient mean to survive in a hostile external environment with shifting temperature, humidity and access to nutrients. An important aspect of the maintenance of homeostasis is the ability to recognise “friend from foe”. Th ...
... environment. This process is called homeostasis and has proved to be a very efficient mean to survive in a hostile external environment with shifting temperature, humidity and access to nutrients. An important aspect of the maintenance of homeostasis is the ability to recognise “friend from foe”. Th ...
Animal hormones
... • Hormone receptors are proteins • Mutations can result in receptors with a lowered capacity for binding hormone, or none at all • Variations in receptor structure also affect responses to hormones; different tissues often have receptor proteins that respond in different ways to binding of the same ...
... • Hormone receptors are proteins • Mutations can result in receptors with a lowered capacity for binding hormone, or none at all • Variations in receptor structure also affect responses to hormones; different tissues often have receptor proteins that respond in different ways to binding of the same ...
A part of the cholinergic fibers in mouse superior cervical ganglia
... VGluT2-immunoreactivity. Double immunoelectron microscopic observations will help whether the colocalization of GAD65 and VGluT2-immunoreactivities exists or not. The present study is the first report on VGluT2-immunoreactivity, and shows that ...
... VGluT2-immunoreactivity. Double immunoelectron microscopic observations will help whether the colocalization of GAD65 and VGluT2-immunoreactivities exists or not. The present study is the first report on VGluT2-immunoreactivity, and shows that ...
Thyroid hormone exerts site-specific effects on SRC
... interact with nuclear cofactors, which are requisite mediators of ligand-dependent transcriptional activation or repression of hormone responsive genes (Glass and Rosenfeld, 2000). Cofactors are believed to remodel local chromatin structure enabling nuclear receptors to activate or repress gene regu ...
... interact with nuclear cofactors, which are requisite mediators of ligand-dependent transcriptional activation or repression of hormone responsive genes (Glass and Rosenfeld, 2000). Cofactors are believed to remodel local chromatin structure enabling nuclear receptors to activate or repress gene regu ...
The Elementary Nervous System Revisited1
... them from specialized receptive It is now seventy years since the publiepithelial cells in an outer body layer in cation of The Elementary Nervous System in which G. H. Parker (1919) summarized which muscle cells had already developed. views he had been developing over the pre- These primitive recep ...
... them from specialized receptive It is now seventy years since the publiepithelial cells in an outer body layer in cation of The Elementary Nervous System in which G. H. Parker (1919) summarized which muscle cells had already developed. views he had been developing over the pre- These primitive recep ...
Print this article - University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life
... dystonic movements. In addition, involuntary writhing movements along the axis of a limb, termed athetosis, are idiosyncratic to levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) and are typically disordered and uncoordinated [10]. About 30% of PD patients suffer from dyskinesia after 4-6 years of levodopa therap ...
... dystonic movements. In addition, involuntary writhing movements along the axis of a limb, termed athetosis, are idiosyncratic to levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) and are typically disordered and uncoordinated [10]. About 30% of PD patients suffer from dyskinesia after 4-6 years of levodopa therap ...
A Neuron Play - Web Adventures
... potential is initiated. Furthermore, the magnitude of the action potential of a specific neuron is always the same. Neurons are separated by a gap (synapse) that the action potential cannot cross. Once the action potential reaches the end of an axon (its terminal), it stimulates the release of chemi ...
... potential is initiated. Furthermore, the magnitude of the action potential of a specific neuron is always the same. Neurons are separated by a gap (synapse) that the action potential cannot cross. Once the action potential reaches the end of an axon (its terminal), it stimulates the release of chemi ...
the nervous system
... To name the major parts of the nervous system. To describe the effects of the Nervous System on movement. Understanding the relationship of the nervous system with the other systems in the body. ...
... To name the major parts of the nervous system. To describe the effects of the Nervous System on movement. Understanding the relationship of the nervous system with the other systems in the body. ...
Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system
... electrical activity of the NPY/AgRP neurons, and this property is maintained in hypothalamic slices used for electrophysiological studies42. The spontaneous firing rate of the NPY/AgRP neuron is generally quite low (0.5 Hz) and is elevated threefold by fasting. The activation can be prevented by adm ...
... electrical activity of the NPY/AgRP neurons, and this property is maintained in hypothalamic slices used for electrophysiological studies42. The spontaneous firing rate of the NPY/AgRP neuron is generally quite low (0.5 Hz) and is elevated threefold by fasting. The activation can be prevented by adm ...
The neuropharmacology of impulsive behaviour
... findings have implicated the orbitofrontal cortex in impulsive action [20], whereas, to date, damage to this brain area was mainly found to produce or alter delay aversion [21– 24] and not impulsive action [25]. In addition, a role for limbic regions such as the habenula and hippocampus in impulsive ...
... findings have implicated the orbitofrontal cortex in impulsive action [20], whereas, to date, damage to this brain area was mainly found to produce or alter delay aversion [21– 24] and not impulsive action [25]. In addition, a role for limbic regions such as the habenula and hippocampus in impulsive ...
Types of Neuron and their function - Click here
... The membranes of the sending and receiving cells are separated from each other by the fluid-filled synaptic gap. The signal cannot leap across the gap electrically. So, special chemicals called neurotransmitters have this role. As an electrical impulse travels down the "tail" of the cell, called the ...
... The membranes of the sending and receiving cells are separated from each other by the fluid-filled synaptic gap. The signal cannot leap across the gap electrically. So, special chemicals called neurotransmitters have this role. As an electrical impulse travels down the "tail" of the cell, called the ...
Slide 8
... hormones once secreted into the bloodstream travel throughout the body until they reach their target, which could include not only other endocrine glands but also muscles and organs. The pituitary gland or master gland oversees all the endocrine responses. However, the pituitary gland takes orders f ...
... hormones once secreted into the bloodstream travel throughout the body until they reach their target, which could include not only other endocrine glands but also muscles and organs. The pituitary gland or master gland oversees all the endocrine responses. However, the pituitary gland takes orders f ...
Opposite Functions of Histamine H1 and H2 Receptors and H3
... encoded in spike frequency and pattern of the inhibitory SNr projection neurons. SNr output intensity and pattern are often abnormal in movement disorders of basal ganglia origin. In Parkinson’s disease, histamine innervation and histamine H3 receptor expression in SNr may be increased. However, the ...
... encoded in spike frequency and pattern of the inhibitory SNr projection neurons. SNr output intensity and pattern are often abnormal in movement disorders of basal ganglia origin. In Parkinson’s disease, histamine innervation and histamine H3 receptor expression in SNr may be increased. However, the ...
THE BASAL GANGLIA
... akinesia also leads to a conspicuous lack of facial movements (mask like face). In addition, there is an increased muscular rigidity (rigidity results when agonist and antagonist muscles are activated simultaneously) and resting tremor (the tremor becomes quieter, if not entirely quiescent, once the ...
... akinesia also leads to a conspicuous lack of facial movements (mask like face). In addition, there is an increased muscular rigidity (rigidity results when agonist and antagonist muscles are activated simultaneously) and resting tremor (the tremor becomes quieter, if not entirely quiescent, once the ...
THE BASAL GANGLIA
... akinesia also leads to a conspicuous lack of facial movements (mask like face). In addition, there is an increased muscular rigidity (rigidity results when agonist and antagonist muscles are activated simultaneously) and resting tremor (the tremor becomes quieter, if not entirely quiescent, once the ...
... akinesia also leads to a conspicuous lack of facial movements (mask like face). In addition, there is an increased muscular rigidity (rigidity results when agonist and antagonist muscles are activated simultaneously) and resting tremor (the tremor becomes quieter, if not entirely quiescent, once the ...
Action Representation in Mirror Neurons
... strongest vision-only and motor responses. In conclusion, area F5 contains a population of neurons—audio-visual mirror neurons—that discharge not just to the execution or observation of a specific action but also when this action can only be heard. Multimodal neurons have been described in several c ...
... strongest vision-only and motor responses. In conclusion, area F5 contains a population of neurons—audio-visual mirror neurons—that discharge not just to the execution or observation of a specific action but also when this action can only be heard. Multimodal neurons have been described in several c ...
E3R Game 1 Order That Student Copy
... A. Receptors are ligand gated sodium ion channels which allow Na+ to enter the postsynaptic neuron (or muscle) and triggers an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron (or muscle contraction) B. Action potential gets to the end of the presynaptic axon C. The Ca++ triggers synaptic vesicles locate ...
... A. Receptors are ligand gated sodium ion channels which allow Na+ to enter the postsynaptic neuron (or muscle) and triggers an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron (or muscle contraction) B. Action potential gets to the end of the presynaptic axon C. The Ca++ triggers synaptic vesicles locate ...
Neurophysiology: Serotonin`s many meanings elude simple theories
... patience could be at least partially related to this (Miyazaki et al., 2014). Along with more direct findings, these results have collectively, if somewhat controversially, been discussed in terms of serotonin (putatively linked with punishment and ...
... patience could be at least partially related to this (Miyazaki et al., 2014). Along with more direct findings, these results have collectively, if somewhat controversially, been discussed in terms of serotonin (putatively linked with punishment and ...
The Role of Dopamine and Its Dysfunction as a Consequence of
... to the nucleus accumbens through the amygdala and the hippocampus. The nigrostriatal pathway joins the substantia nigra with the neostriatum. The neuronal somata are located in the substantia nigra, and the axons of these neurons are ramified into the caudate nucleus and putamen. This pathway is als ...
... to the nucleus accumbens through the amygdala and the hippocampus. The nigrostriatal pathway joins the substantia nigra with the neostriatum. The neuronal somata are located in the substantia nigra, and the axons of these neurons are ramified into the caudate nucleus and putamen. This pathway is als ...
resource - Fujisawa lab
... the activities of specific cell types and to examine the resulting effects. A recent innovation in experimental neuroscience has been the development of light-activated channels or pumps, derived from microbial photosynthetic systems, to modulate neural activity, known as opto genetics. The best-kn ...
... the activities of specific cell types and to examine the resulting effects. A recent innovation in experimental neuroscience has been the development of light-activated channels or pumps, derived from microbial photosynthetic systems, to modulate neural activity, known as opto genetics. The best-kn ...
The parasympathetic system
... muscularis mucosae and the circular muscle of the muscularis externa. The myenteric (or Auerbach's) plexus is located between the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa. In addition to these two plexuses that have ganglia, three others'mucosal, deep muscular, and tertiary plexus' ...
... muscularis mucosae and the circular muscle of the muscularis externa. The myenteric (or Auerbach's) plexus is located between the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa. In addition to these two plexuses that have ganglia, three others'mucosal, deep muscular, and tertiary plexus' ...
Growth arrest specific gene 7 is associated with schizophrenia and
... in the pathogenesis of human developmental brain diseases such as schizophrenia [9]. A recent paper reported that, in cultured olfactory neuroepithelial cells from individuals with schizophrenia, the stability of microtubules was increased [10]. Growth arrest specific gene 7 (GAS7) was initial ident ...
... in the pathogenesis of human developmental brain diseases such as schizophrenia [9]. A recent paper reported that, in cultured olfactory neuroepithelial cells from individuals with schizophrenia, the stability of microtubules was increased [10]. Growth arrest specific gene 7 (GAS7) was initial ident ...