Okamoto Devel Neurbiol Review
... Namely, in forced swimming test, the animals with bilateral lesions of the habenula cannot utilize the extrinsic cue for escape even if it was provided. In rats, the lateral habenula receives inputs from the medial habenula asymmetrically (Kim and Chang, 2005). It is not known how such asymmetric co ...
... Namely, in forced swimming test, the animals with bilateral lesions of the habenula cannot utilize the extrinsic cue for escape even if it was provided. In rats, the lateral habenula receives inputs from the medial habenula asymmetrically (Kim and Chang, 2005). It is not known how such asymmetric co ...
Berridge, K.C.Brain reward systems for food incentives and
... But let us also ask: Which of these many brain structures actually cause the pleasure of foods? Do all generate pleasure “liking” or only some? Some activations might reflect causes of pleasure, whereas other activations might reflect consequences of pleasure that was caused elsewhere. How ...
... But let us also ask: Which of these many brain structures actually cause the pleasure of foods? Do all generate pleasure “liking” or only some? Some activations might reflect causes of pleasure, whereas other activations might reflect consequences of pleasure that was caused elsewhere. How ...
The Dorsal Visual System Predicts Future and Remembers Past Eye
... categorical estimate of the most likely eye position. One can think of this linear decoder as a convenient theoretical construct that quantifies whether certain information (e.g., the eye position some 200 ms previously) is reliably present in the recorded cells. Alternatively, one can view this con ...
... categorical estimate of the most likely eye position. One can think of this linear decoder as a convenient theoretical construct that quantifies whether certain information (e.g., the eye position some 200 ms previously) is reliably present in the recorded cells. Alternatively, one can view this con ...
Diverse functions of perineuronal nets
... These results indicate that tenascin-R is essential for ECM proteoglycans to form the lattice-like structure (Weber et al. 1999, Haunso et al. 2000). It appears that precise timing of the CS proteoglycans expression seems to be specific for both cortical areas and particular cortical layers. For exa ...
... These results indicate that tenascin-R is essential for ECM proteoglycans to form the lattice-like structure (Weber et al. 1999, Haunso et al. 2000). It appears that precise timing of the CS proteoglycans expression seems to be specific for both cortical areas and particular cortical layers. For exa ...
Mapping of second order olfactory neurons and ventral
... Detection of chemical stimuli from the external environment is performed by all living organisms. Of all senses, the chemical sense is the evolutionary oldest. Also, the neural system devoted to process chemosensory information is strikingly well conserved across the different species, in particular ...
... Detection of chemical stimuli from the external environment is performed by all living organisms. Of all senses, the chemical sense is the evolutionary oldest. Also, the neural system devoted to process chemosensory information is strikingly well conserved across the different species, in particular ...
Neural Networks
... more effectively and with more illustrations than before. I did all the illustrations myself, most of them directly in LATEX by using XYpic. They reflect what I would have liked to see when becoming acquainted with the subject: Text and illustrations should be memorable and easy to understand to off ...
... more effectively and with more illustrations than before. I did all the illustrations myself, most of them directly in LATEX by using XYpic. They reflect what I would have liked to see when becoming acquainted with the subject: Text and illustrations should be memorable and easy to understand to off ...
Neural Networks
... more effectively and with more illustrations than before. I did all the illustrations myself, most of them directly in LATEX by using XYpic. They reflect what I would have liked to see when becoming acquainted with the subject: Text and illustrations should be memorable and easy to understand to off ...
... more effectively and with more illustrations than before. I did all the illustrations myself, most of them directly in LATEX by using XYpic. They reflect what I would have liked to see when becoming acquainted with the subject: Text and illustrations should be memorable and easy to understand to off ...
The Nervous System
... Functions of the Nervous System • Sensory input—gathering information • To monitor changes occurring inside and outside the body • Changes = stimuli • Integration • To process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed • Motor output • A response to integrated stimuli • The response ...
... Functions of the Nervous System • Sensory input—gathering information • To monitor changes occurring inside and outside the body • Changes = stimuli • Integration • To process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed • Motor output • A response to integrated stimuli • The response ...
18 "1: 1_ Sprouting (Abnormiall1 Actrvlty)
... signals responsible for pain must be rostral to the transection site of the spinal cord, since involvement of the brain is ultimately necessary to have pain, and because signals beloW the level of injury have no Way of reaching the brain. One consideration is that the pain signals arise in the brain ...
... signals responsible for pain must be rostral to the transection site of the spinal cord, since involvement of the brain is ultimately necessary to have pain, and because signals beloW the level of injury have no Way of reaching the brain. One consideration is that the pain signals arise in the brain ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... Junction between 2 neurons that communicates the message from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron. A cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS ...
... Junction between 2 neurons that communicates the message from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron. A cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS ...
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... Theories of temporal coding by cortical neurons are supported by observations that individual neurons can respond to sensory stimulation with millisecond precision and that activity in large populations is often highly correlated. Synchronization is highest between neurons with overlapping receptive ...
... Theories of temporal coding by cortical neurons are supported by observations that individual neurons can respond to sensory stimulation with millisecond precision and that activity in large populations is often highly correlated. Synchronization is highest between neurons with overlapping receptive ...
a needle into the sub- and the dorsal funiculi. Preganglionic
... bringing the caudal end.of the cord in the adult opposite the disk between the first and second lumbar vertebrae (Fig. 5-2). This is an average level because the length of the spinal cord varies less than the length of the vertebral column. Thus t}.e caudal end of the cord may be as high as the I2th ...
... bringing the caudal end.of the cord in the adult opposite the disk between the first and second lumbar vertebrae (Fig. 5-2). This is an average level because the length of the spinal cord varies less than the length of the vertebral column. Thus t}.e caudal end of the cord may be as high as the I2th ...
Structure-function relationship in hierarchical model of brain networks
... or the hierarchically organized architecture of the brain, reflecting for example the anatomical cortical connectivity of cat or monkey [41, 100]. The idea to use well-known cortical networks in the modelling of the neural dynamics and investigating its relation to the underlying topology has alread ...
... or the hierarchically organized architecture of the brain, reflecting for example the anatomical cortical connectivity of cat or monkey [41, 100]. The idea to use well-known cortical networks in the modelling of the neural dynamics and investigating its relation to the underlying topology has alread ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... The brain has a modular design. The advantages of modularity are well known to engineers: modules that can be replicated and cascaded, such as transistors and web servers, lie at the root of powerful technologies. The brain seems to apply this principle in two ways: with modular circuits and ...
... The brain has a modular design. The advantages of modularity are well known to engineers: modules that can be replicated and cascaded, such as transistors and web servers, lie at the root of powerful technologies. The brain seems to apply this principle in two ways: with modular circuits and ...
A Brain-to-Brain Interface for Real
... movements of a variety of mechanical, electronic and even virtual external devices3–6. Recently, intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) has been added to the classical BMI paradigm to allow artificial sensory feedback signals7,8, generated by these brain-controlled actuators, to be delivered back to ...
... movements of a variety of mechanical, electronic and even virtual external devices3–6. Recently, intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) has been added to the classical BMI paradigm to allow artificial sensory feedback signals7,8, generated by these brain-controlled actuators, to be delivered back to ...
Dorsal spinal cord stimulation obtunds the capacity of intrathoracic
... those indices derived during each intervention, average activity representing the same population recorded throughout all interventions. The grouped data so derived are expressed as means ⫾ SD. SigmaStat ...
... those indices derived during each intervention, average activity representing the same population recorded throughout all interventions. The grouped data so derived are expressed as means ⫾ SD. SigmaStat ...
Spinal Cord - Fullfrontalanatomy.com
... Pathways • Reticulospinal tracts – originates at reticular formation of brain; maintain balance • Rubrospinal tracts – originate in ‘red nucleus’ of midbrain; control flexor muscles • Tectospinal tracts - originate in superior colliculi and mediate head and eye movements towards visual targets (flas ...
... Pathways • Reticulospinal tracts – originates at reticular formation of brain; maintain balance • Rubrospinal tracts – originate in ‘red nucleus’ of midbrain; control flexor muscles • Tectospinal tracts - originate in superior colliculi and mediate head and eye movements towards visual targets (flas ...
the resonate-and-fire neuron: time dependent and frequency
... Let us begin by considering the morphology of a typical nerve cell, along with the general approach utilized to model the various electrophysiological aspects of neurons. Panel (A) in figure 1.1 depicts the various specialized cellular processes that characterizes nerve cells, and panel (B) represen ...
... Let us begin by considering the morphology of a typical nerve cell, along with the general approach utilized to model the various electrophysiological aspects of neurons. Panel (A) in figure 1.1 depicts the various specialized cellular processes that characterizes nerve cells, and panel (B) represen ...
Text - ETH E
... Several lines of evidence suggest that dopamine is also involved in ‘cognitive’ processes that are not addressed by standard TD models. I propose the hypothesis that dopamine neuron activity is crucial for planning processes, also referred to as ‘goal-directed behavior’, which select actions by eval ...
... Several lines of evidence suggest that dopamine is also involved in ‘cognitive’ processes that are not addressed by standard TD models. I propose the hypothesis that dopamine neuron activity is crucial for planning processes, also referred to as ‘goal-directed behavior’, which select actions by eval ...
Use of lipophilic dyes in studies of axonal pathfinding in vivo
... chemoattractive guidance cues (Tessier-Lavigne and Goodman, 1996). Both groups can be further subdivided into short-range and long-range guidance cues. By definition, short-range cues are locally active, whereas long-range cues can act over some distance, because they are secreted and to some extent ...
... chemoattractive guidance cues (Tessier-Lavigne and Goodman, 1996). Both groups can be further subdivided into short-range and long-range guidance cues. By definition, short-range cues are locally active, whereas long-range cues can act over some distance, because they are secreted and to some extent ...
Strategy-dependent Dissociation of the Neural
... other strategies listed seemed to overlap. For example, reinterpretation, similar to reappraisal, may have been used during either the stimulus severity or imagery strategies. Finally, attention and reappraisal form the basis for our future investigations into neural correlates of pain modulation us ...
... other strategies listed seemed to overlap. For example, reinterpretation, similar to reappraisal, may have been used during either the stimulus severity or imagery strategies. Finally, attention and reappraisal form the basis for our future investigations into neural correlates of pain modulation us ...
The language of action: verbs, simulation and motor chains
... based on Rizzolatti, Luppino, & Matelli, 1998, Culham & Kanwisher, 2001, Simon, Mangin, Cohen, Le Bihan, & Dehaene, 2002, and Grèzes, Tucker, Armony, Ellis, & Passingham, 2003); (b) constraints deriving from the requirement to accurately reproduce the behaviours observed in specific psychological ex ...
... based on Rizzolatti, Luppino, & Matelli, 1998, Culham & Kanwisher, 2001, Simon, Mangin, Cohen, Le Bihan, & Dehaene, 2002, and Grèzes, Tucker, Armony, Ellis, & Passingham, 2003); (b) constraints deriving from the requirement to accurately reproduce the behaviours observed in specific psychological ex ...
CHAPTER 2
... As was just described, the striated muscles derived from dermomyotomes constitute the somatic motor structures of the body. The neurons that innervate them are called somatic motor neurons, and they send their axons out the ventral roots of spinal nerves. The visceral motor tissues of the body - smo ...
... As was just described, the striated muscles derived from dermomyotomes constitute the somatic motor structures of the body. The neurons that innervate them are called somatic motor neurons, and they send their axons out the ventral roots of spinal nerves. The visceral motor tissues of the body - smo ...
Mechanisms for generating and compensating for the
... gaze position, microsaccades can be understood by relating them to the larger voluntary saccades, which abruptly shift gaze position. Starting from this approach to microsaccade analysis, I show how it can lead to significant insight about the generation and functional role of these eye movements. L ...
... gaze position, microsaccades can be understood by relating them to the larger voluntary saccades, which abruptly shift gaze position. Starting from this approach to microsaccade analysis, I show how it can lead to significant insight about the generation and functional role of these eye movements. L ...
Sample
... d) block is to mimic. Incorrect. This is the opposite of the correct answer. ANS: C, p. 49, C, (2) Section: Brain Circuits: Making Connections 41. Jill has recently been prescribed L-Dopa to treat her condition. Jill most likely has which of the following? a) Parkinson’s disease Correct. L-Dopa is u ...
... d) block is to mimic. Incorrect. This is the opposite of the correct answer. ANS: C, p. 49, C, (2) Section: Brain Circuits: Making Connections 41. Jill has recently been prescribed L-Dopa to treat her condition. Jill most likely has which of the following? a) Parkinson’s disease Correct. L-Dopa is u ...