Learning to represent reward structure: A key to adapting to complex
... the most basic type used to solve numeric prediction and output selection in parallel by learning. The majority of studies adopt a linear form for the two functions, which we also follow. By way of an example, the linear-form value function is a multiplication of a vector representation of a given i ...
... the most basic type used to solve numeric prediction and output selection in parallel by learning. The majority of studies adopt a linear form for the two functions, which we also follow. By way of an example, the linear-form value function is a multiplication of a vector representation of a given i ...
Reticular activating system of a central pattern generator
... these OSP-associated neurons belong to a descending RAS, which contributes to the activation of the spinal central pattern generators. ...
... these OSP-associated neurons belong to a descending RAS, which contributes to the activation of the spinal central pattern generators. ...
Introduction to biophysics
... In most respects, the structure of neurons resembles that of other cells. Each cell has a cell body containing a nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and other organelles that are essential to the function of all cells (see fig. 2). Specific for nerve cells, is t ...
... In most respects, the structure of neurons resembles that of other cells. Each cell has a cell body containing a nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and other organelles that are essential to the function of all cells (see fig. 2). Specific for nerve cells, is t ...
Central Nervous System (CNS) The Brain Embryonic Development
... • Paired, egg-shaped masses that form the superolateral walls of the third ventricle • Connected at the midline by the intermediate mass • Contains four groups of nuclei – anterior, ventral, dorsal, and posterior • Nuclei project and receive fibers from the cerebral cortex The Central nervous System ...
... • Paired, egg-shaped masses that form the superolateral walls of the third ventricle • Connected at the midline by the intermediate mass • Contains four groups of nuclei – anterior, ventral, dorsal, and posterior • Nuclei project and receive fibers from the cerebral cortex The Central nervous System ...
The neuroepithelial basement membrane serves as a boundary and
... Figure 1 FBMNs undergo a change in velocity upon contact with the Laminin-containing ventral basement membrane. (A) A maximum intensity projection of a confocal Z-stack of a tg(hoxb1aBAC:mRFP1); tg(isl1:GFP) double transgenic embryo at 48 hpf reveals that most Isl1:GFP positive neurons in both r6 an ...
... Figure 1 FBMNs undergo a change in velocity upon contact with the Laminin-containing ventral basement membrane. (A) A maximum intensity projection of a confocal Z-stack of a tg(hoxb1aBAC:mRFP1); tg(isl1:GFP) double transgenic embryo at 48 hpf reveals that most Isl1:GFP positive neurons in both r6 an ...
Document
... Components of a synapse. Diagram shows synaptic knob or axon terminal of presynaptic neuron, the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron, and a synaptic cleft. On the arrival of an action potential at a synaptic knob, neurotransmitter molecules are released from vesicles in the knob into the synap ...
... Components of a synapse. Diagram shows synaptic knob or axon terminal of presynaptic neuron, the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron, and a synaptic cleft. On the arrival of an action potential at a synaptic knob, neurotransmitter molecules are released from vesicles in the knob into the synap ...
Methods of Studying The Nervous System
... • Lesion studies must be interpreted with caution; a lesion inevitably damages structures other than the one that the surgeon targeted, and lesions seldom completely remove a structure that is targeted ...
... • Lesion studies must be interpreted with caution; a lesion inevitably damages structures other than the one that the surgeon targeted, and lesions seldom completely remove a structure that is targeted ...
Jesús Pujol Martí Neural map organization and development in the lateral-line system
... and olfactory sensory systems. I have chosen the lateral-line sensory system of the zebrafish larva because it is anatomically simple yet functionally complex, mediating contrasting behaviours that are also present in the adult fish. A decade ago, Ghysen‟s research group showed that the lateralis (l ...
... and olfactory sensory systems. I have chosen the lateral-line sensory system of the zebrafish larva because it is anatomically simple yet functionally complex, mediating contrasting behaviours that are also present in the adult fish. A decade ago, Ghysen‟s research group showed that the lateralis (l ...
Network Self-Organization Explains the Statistics and
... The information processing abilities of neural circuits arise from their synaptic connection patterns. Understanding the laws governing these connectivity patterns is essential for understanding brain function. The overall distribution of synaptic strengths of local excitatory connections in cortex ...
... The information processing abilities of neural circuits arise from their synaptic connection patterns. Understanding the laws governing these connectivity patterns is essential for understanding brain function. The overall distribution of synaptic strengths of local excitatory connections in cortex ...
A Hebbian learning rule gives rise to mirror neurons and links them
... function of mirror neurons in communication, imitation learning, cultural learning, and language development (Rizzolatti and Craighero, 2004; Oztop et al., 2012). Most importantly, mirrored responses have been proposed to be causally related to streams of motor and sensory activity (Oztop et al., 20 ...
... function of mirror neurons in communication, imitation learning, cultural learning, and language development (Rizzolatti and Craighero, 2004; Oztop et al., 2012). Most importantly, mirrored responses have been proposed to be causally related to streams of motor and sensory activity (Oztop et al., 20 ...
322 Neuroscience I - Jordan University of Science and Technology
... seminars topics, and self-directed learning methods. The overall goal of the Neuroscience I course is to provide basic knowledge and understanding of the structure, function of the nervous system, biochemical basis of human behavior, as well as the pathological basis of neurological and mental disor ...
... seminars topics, and self-directed learning methods. The overall goal of the Neuroscience I course is to provide basic knowledge and understanding of the structure, function of the nervous system, biochemical basis of human behavior, as well as the pathological basis of neurological and mental disor ...
Chapter 33 Nervous System
... Neurons are specialized nerve cells that help you gather information about your environment, interpret the information, and react to it. Neurons consist of three main regions: the dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. ...
... Neurons are specialized nerve cells that help you gather information about your environment, interpret the information, and react to it. Neurons consist of three main regions: the dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. ...
Spinal Kyphosis Causes Demyelination and Neuronal Loss in the
... Spinal cord compression causes histologic changes in the spinal cord. In this study, as the “kyphosis progressed, an increase in the degree of flattening of the spinal cord and histologic changes, including the loss of anterior horn cells and demyelination of the anterior funiculus, were observed.” ...
... Spinal cord compression causes histologic changes in the spinal cord. In this study, as the “kyphosis progressed, an increase in the degree of flattening of the spinal cord and histologic changes, including the loss of anterior horn cells and demyelination of the anterior funiculus, were observed.” ...
Temporal coding in the gustatory system
... taste system; in gustation, stimulus intensity is correlated with stimulus concentration. Most often, as the concentration of a taste stimulus increases so does the firing rate of the taste-responsive cell (Nakamura and Norgren, 1991; Nishijo and Norgren, 1990; Scott and Perrotto, 1980). So, as in ot ...
... taste system; in gustation, stimulus intensity is correlated with stimulus concentration. Most often, as the concentration of a taste stimulus increases so does the firing rate of the taste-responsive cell (Nakamura and Norgren, 1991; Nishijo and Norgren, 1990; Scott and Perrotto, 1980). So, as in ot ...
Saccade-related spread of activity across superior colliculus may
... First, we assumed that neurons within the SC are uniformly distributed (same number of cells per square millimeter everywhere on the map), as was assumed in previous studies. Second, we assumed that connection strength was determined by the distance measured on either the SC map (the SC-symmetric ke ...
... First, we assumed that neurons within the SC are uniformly distributed (same number of cells per square millimeter everywhere on the map), as was assumed in previous studies. Second, we assumed that connection strength was determined by the distance measured on either the SC map (the SC-symmetric ke ...
Neural stem cell engineering: directed differentiation of adult and
... types, as well as the capacity to expand in an undifferentiated, multi/pluripotent state. As this review will discuss, there has been significant interest in understanding and harnessing the mechanisms by which stem cells give rise to mature neurons. ...
... types, as well as the capacity to expand in an undifferentiated, multi/pluripotent state. As this review will discuss, there has been significant interest in understanding and harnessing the mechanisms by which stem cells give rise to mature neurons. ...
Uncovering the Forgotten Effect of Superior Cervical Ganglia on
... cervical sympathetic ganglia with high neuron density may cause pseudodilatation of the pupils or oculomotor network palsy-induced mydriasis may be augmented by explained mechanisms. Radicular oculomotor nerve ischemia and related ciliary ganglion degeneration were also observed to have important ro ...
... cervical sympathetic ganglia with high neuron density may cause pseudodilatation of the pupils or oculomotor network palsy-induced mydriasis may be augmented by explained mechanisms. Radicular oculomotor nerve ischemia and related ciliary ganglion degeneration were also observed to have important ro ...
Saccade-Related Spread of Activity Across
... First, we assumed that neurons within the SC are uniformly distributed (same number of cells per square millimeter everywhere on the map), as was assumed in previous studies. Second, we assumed that connection strength was determined by the distance measured on either the SC map (the SC-symmetric ke ...
... First, we assumed that neurons within the SC are uniformly distributed (same number of cells per square millimeter everywhere on the map), as was assumed in previous studies. Second, we assumed that connection strength was determined by the distance measured on either the SC map (the SC-symmetric ke ...
Getting to Know You: Reputation and Trust in a Two
... by their partner—a behavioral finding mirrored by neural responses in the dorsal striatum. Here, analyses within and between brains revealed two signals—one encoded by response magnitude, and the other by response timing. Response magnitude correlated with the ‘‘intention to trust’’ on the next play ...
... by their partner—a behavioral finding mirrored by neural responses in the dorsal striatum. Here, analyses within and between brains revealed two signals—one encoded by response magnitude, and the other by response timing. Response magnitude correlated with the ‘‘intention to trust’’ on the next play ...
Negatively-Correlated Firing - Department of Computer Science
... interneurons are very common in the neocortex, and lateral inhibition has been shown to play an important role in sharpening the distinctions between similar inputs, where such inputs would otherwise invoke nearly the same response in neurons with only slightly different response properties. However ...
... interneurons are very common in the neocortex, and lateral inhibition has been shown to play an important role in sharpening the distinctions between similar inputs, where such inputs would otherwise invoke nearly the same response in neurons with only slightly different response properties. However ...
Neuromodulation and cortical function: BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN
... cortical regions are commonly pyramidal cells which display the property of neuronal adaptation. That is, they decrease in firing rate during sustained excitatory activation [45]. In contrast, inhibitory interneurons commonly do not show adaptation. The dynamical properties of cortical function are ...
... cortical regions are commonly pyramidal cells which display the property of neuronal adaptation. That is, they decrease in firing rate during sustained excitatory activation [45]. In contrast, inhibitory interneurons commonly do not show adaptation. The dynamical properties of cortical function are ...
Saccade-Related Spread of Activity Across Superior Colliculus May
... First, we assumed that neurons within the SC are uniformly distributed (same number of cells per square millimeter everywhere on the map), as was assumed in previous studies. Second, we assumed that connection strength was determined by the distance measured on either the SC map (the SC-symmetric ke ...
... First, we assumed that neurons within the SC are uniformly distributed (same number of cells per square millimeter everywhere on the map), as was assumed in previous studies. Second, we assumed that connection strength was determined by the distance measured on either the SC map (the SC-symmetric ke ...
new techniques for imaging, digitization and analysis of
... Severe vascular modifications are also detected in several neurodegenerative disorders (Buée et al., 1994; Bailey et al., 2004). Electron microscopy studies have revealed thickening and vacuolization of the vascular basement membrane, thinning of microvessels referred to as atrophic or string vessel ...
... Severe vascular modifications are also detected in several neurodegenerative disorders (Buée et al., 1994; Bailey et al., 2004). Electron microscopy studies have revealed thickening and vacuolization of the vascular basement membrane, thinning of microvessels referred to as atrophic or string vessel ...