Unit 2 Summary - A
... (iii) E/Z isomerism as an example of stereoisomerism, in terms of restricted rotation about a double bond and the requirement for two different groups to be attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group, (iv) cis-trans isomerism as a special case of EIZ isomerism in which two of the substituent grou ...
... (iii) E/Z isomerism as an example of stereoisomerism, in terms of restricted rotation about a double bond and the requirement for two different groups to be attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group, (iv) cis-trans isomerism as a special case of EIZ isomerism in which two of the substituent grou ...
Problem 14. MAGNESIUM DETERMINATION
... The natural tendency of any chemical reaction to proceed in a certain direction at constant temperature and pressure is determined by the sign of the Gibbs energy of the reaction, G. This is the universal principle. If G < 0, the reaction can proceed predominantly in the forward direction (a produ ...
... The natural tendency of any chemical reaction to proceed in a certain direction at constant temperature and pressure is determined by the sign of the Gibbs energy of the reaction, G. This is the universal principle. If G < 0, the reaction can proceed predominantly in the forward direction (a produ ...
Notes: Kinetics and Equilibrium
... another. These substances are normally metals and metal ions. Common names for batteries are nickel – cadmium, lithium ion and lead - acid. The concept of Gibb’s free energy to electrochemical cells is applied by the Activation Series. This series lists which metals are most reactive, most likely to ...
... another. These substances are normally metals and metal ions. Common names for batteries are nickel – cadmium, lithium ion and lead - acid. The concept of Gibb’s free energy to electrochemical cells is applied by the Activation Series. This series lists which metals are most reactive, most likely to ...
Curriculum Plan
... reactions, Classifying reactions as acid/base, redox (oxidationreduction), precipitation Define a mole in terms of Avogadro’s number, Define a mole 5.7.A in terms of molar mass, Convert between number of moles, mass, and number of particles, Describe molar volume of a gas (that one mole of any ideal ...
... reactions, Classifying reactions as acid/base, redox (oxidationreduction), precipitation Define a mole in terms of Avogadro’s number, Define a mole 5.7.A in terms of molar mass, Convert between number of moles, mass, and number of particles, Describe molar volume of a gas (that one mole of any ideal ...
AP - 04 - Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
... o Determine the oxidation numbers of everything in H2S, S8, Na2SO3, and SO42(a) When bonded to a nonmetal, hydrogen has an oxidation number of +1 (rule 3b). Because the H2S molecule is neutral, the sum of the oxidation numbers must equal zero (rule 4). Letting x equal the oxidation number of S, we h ...
... o Determine the oxidation numbers of everything in H2S, S8, Na2SO3, and SO42(a) When bonded to a nonmetal, hydrogen has an oxidation number of +1 (rule 3b). Because the H2S molecule is neutral, the sum of the oxidation numbers must equal zero (rule 4). Letting x equal the oxidation number of S, we h ...
Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules
... Each enzyme is the specific helper to a specific reaction each enzyme needs to be the right shape for the job enzymes are named for the reaction they help ...
... Each enzyme is the specific helper to a specific reaction each enzyme needs to be the right shape for the job enzymes are named for the reaction they help ...
2011
... The oxidation of ammonia produces nitrogen and water, 4NH3 + 3O2 → 2N2 + 6H2O. If the rate of formation of N2 is 2.0 mol dm-3 s-1, then the rate at which A) H2O is being formed is 2.0 mol dm-3 s-1. B) NH3 reacts is 4.0 mol dm-3 s-1. C) O2 reacts is 1.5 mol dm-3 s-1. D) H2O is being formed is 0.67 mo ...
... The oxidation of ammonia produces nitrogen and water, 4NH3 + 3O2 → 2N2 + 6H2O. If the rate of formation of N2 is 2.0 mol dm-3 s-1, then the rate at which A) H2O is being formed is 2.0 mol dm-3 s-1. B) NH3 reacts is 4.0 mol dm-3 s-1. C) O2 reacts is 1.5 mol dm-3 s-1. D) H2O is being formed is 0.67 mo ...
Synthesis of Alum Lab
... A complex ion consists of a central metal cation (usually derived from a transition metal) joined by coordinate covalent bonds to molecules or anions called ligands. Complex ions can be cations or anions. Compounds composed of a complex ion and counter ions are coordinate compounds Hydrates are indi ...
... A complex ion consists of a central metal cation (usually derived from a transition metal) joined by coordinate covalent bonds to molecules or anions called ligands. Complex ions can be cations or anions. Compounds composed of a complex ion and counter ions are coordinate compounds Hydrates are indi ...
g moles molarity
... H 2 O+ : R → OHaq− + RHaq+ Write the reaction to show that electrons on R are attracted to proton on water ...
... H 2 O+ : R → OHaq− + RHaq+ Write the reaction to show that electrons on R are attracted to proton on water ...
Balancing Equations
... A. Classifying reactions • Reactions are classified into several general types B. Combination/Synthesis Reactions • Key Characteristic: 2 or more reactants 1 product • General Form: A + B AB ...
... A. Classifying reactions • Reactions are classified into several general types B. Combination/Synthesis Reactions • Key Characteristic: 2 or more reactants 1 product • General Form: A + B AB ...
19-Oct
... the mole proportions of chemical reactions. Stoichiometric ratio: The ratio of any two species (reactants or products) in a balanced chemical reaction. ...
... the mole proportions of chemical reactions. Stoichiometric ratio: The ratio of any two species (reactants or products) in a balanced chemical reaction. ...
GCSE ADDITIONAL CHEMISTRY (C2) REVISION BOOKLET
... C2.1 Structures and Bonding Answers to summary questions 1 a) The centre of an atom is called the nucleus. b) In the centre of the atom there are two types of sub-atomic particles. These particles are the proton and the neutron. The protons are positively charged. The neutrons have no charge. They a ...
... C2.1 Structures and Bonding Answers to summary questions 1 a) The centre of an atom is called the nucleus. b) In the centre of the atom there are two types of sub-atomic particles. These particles are the proton and the neutron. The protons are positively charged. The neutrons have no charge. They a ...
CST REVIEW Percent Error 1. 2. What is the formula for density?
... 15. For the nonmetals only, which is an active non-metal and which is an inactive non-metal? 16. Know how to use the periodic table to determine the number of electrons available for bonding. 17. How many valence electrons in each group? 1A 3A 6A 8A 7A Cl Sr N 18. Know how many valence electrons are ...
... 15. For the nonmetals only, which is an active non-metal and which is an inactive non-metal? 16. Know how to use the periodic table to determine the number of electrons available for bonding. 17. How many valence electrons in each group? 1A 3A 6A 8A 7A Cl Sr N 18. Know how many valence electrons are ...
Introduction - Bulgarian Chemical Communications
... different positions of the ring fall on the same line. The data designated with open circles deviate strongly and can not be included in the correlations. Compounds 5,5-dimethylDHU, 5,5-diethylDHU, cis-5,6-dimethylDHU react more slowly than demanded by the LFER. All these necessarily have an axial 5 ...
... different positions of the ring fall on the same line. The data designated with open circles deviate strongly and can not be included in the correlations. Compounds 5,5-dimethylDHU, 5,5-diethylDHU, cis-5,6-dimethylDHU react more slowly than demanded by the LFER. All these necessarily have an axial 5 ...
SUMMER WORK AP Chemistry
... By examining these numbers, propose a relationship between the ground-state energy of hydrogen-like systems and the nuclear charge, Z. (c) Use the relationship you derive in part (b) to predict the ground-state energy of the C5+ ion. 18. Write the Lewis symbol for atoms of each of the following elem ...
... By examining these numbers, propose a relationship between the ground-state energy of hydrogen-like systems and the nuclear charge, Z. (c) Use the relationship you derive in part (b) to predict the ground-state energy of the C5+ ion. 18. Write the Lewis symbol for atoms of each of the following elem ...
Inquiry: Calculation - Coristines
... of formation (assume reaction occurs at SATP). Compare your results for each enthalpy and explain any differences? (10 marks) 6. Explain why the fusion of ice is spontaneous using the theory of Gibbs free energy, entropy and enthalpy. (No calculations are necessary) (5 marks) 7. The reaction of magn ...
... of formation (assume reaction occurs at SATP). Compare your results for each enthalpy and explain any differences? (10 marks) 6. Explain why the fusion of ice is spontaneous using the theory of Gibbs free energy, entropy and enthalpy. (No calculations are necessary) (5 marks) 7. The reaction of magn ...
PREPARATORY PROBLEMS (Theoretical)
... The superposition principle is applicable to quantum systems only and is not valid when applied to macrosystems. To illustrate this idea, E. Schrödinger proposed the following mental experiment. Consider the Geiger counter which detects the entering electrons. The counter is connected to a device wh ...
... The superposition principle is applicable to quantum systems only and is not valid when applied to macrosystems. To illustrate this idea, E. Schrödinger proposed the following mental experiment. Consider the Geiger counter which detects the entering electrons. The counter is connected to a device wh ...
PREPARATORY PROBLEMS
... The superposition principle is applicable to quantum systems only and is not valid when applied to macrosystems. To illustrate this idea, E. Schrödinger proposed the following mental experiment. Consider the Geiger counter which detects the entering electrons. The counter is connected to a device wh ...
... The superposition principle is applicable to quantum systems only and is not valid when applied to macrosystems. To illustrate this idea, E. Schrödinger proposed the following mental experiment. Consider the Geiger counter which detects the entering electrons. The counter is connected to a device wh ...
CHEM 150
... c. both (a) and (b) d. neither (a) nor (b) ____ 24. Which of the following molecules cannot engage in hydrogen bonding? a. CH4 b. NH3 c. H2O d. all of them ____ 25. When comparing a liquid with a gas at the same temperature which of the following is true? a. the molecules in the liquid are much clos ...
... c. both (a) and (b) d. neither (a) nor (b) ____ 24. Which of the following molecules cannot engage in hydrogen bonding? a. CH4 b. NH3 c. H2O d. all of them ____ 25. When comparing a liquid with a gas at the same temperature which of the following is true? a. the molecules in the liquid are much clos ...
PREPARATORY PROBLEMS (Theoretical)
... The superposition principle is applicable to quantum systems only and is not valid when applied to macrosystems. To illustrate this idea, E. Schrödinger proposed the following mental experiment. Consider the Geiger counter which detects the entering electrons. The counter is connected to a device wh ...
... The superposition principle is applicable to quantum systems only and is not valid when applied to macrosystems. To illustrate this idea, E. Schrödinger proposed the following mental experiment. Consider the Geiger counter which detects the entering electrons. The counter is connected to a device wh ...
File
... halogens? All halogens have seven electrons in their outer shell. This means that: They can easily obtain a full outer shell by gaining one electron. They all gain an electron in reactions to form negative ions with a -1 charge. ...
... halogens? All halogens have seven electrons in their outer shell. This means that: They can easily obtain a full outer shell by gaining one electron. They all gain an electron in reactions to form negative ions with a -1 charge. ...
Semester Exam Review
... (c) How long must the reaction proceed to produce a concentration of Z equal to 0.20 molar, if the initial reaction concentrations are [X]o = 0.80 molar, [Y]o = 0.60 molar and [Z]0 = 0 molar? (d) Select from the mechanisms below the one most consistent with the observed data, and explain your choice ...
... (c) How long must the reaction proceed to produce a concentration of Z equal to 0.20 molar, if the initial reaction concentrations are [X]o = 0.80 molar, [Y]o = 0.60 molar and [Z]0 = 0 molar? (d) Select from the mechanisms below the one most consistent with the observed data, and explain your choice ...
New Advances in Catalytic Systems for Conversion of CH4 and CO2
... Gengliang Chen et al./ Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry Vol. 11 No. 3–4 2002 ...
... Gengliang Chen et al./ Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry Vol. 11 No. 3–4 2002 ...
AP Syllabus
... students. Most years we have two classes of AP Chemistry. Our school has a seven period day with each class being 55 minutes long. The first period of the day is optional, available for those that choose to take seven periods per day. We are on the year round schedule so we begin school in late July ...
... students. Most years we have two classes of AP Chemistry. Our school has a seven period day with each class being 55 minutes long. The first period of the day is optional, available for those that choose to take seven periods per day. We are on the year round schedule so we begin school in late July ...
Lewis acid catalysis
In Lewis acid catalysis of organic reactions, a metal-based Lewis acid acts as an electron pair acceptor to increase the reactivity of a substrate. Common Lewis acid catalysts are based on main group metals such as aluminum, boron, silicon, and tin, as well as many early (titanium, zirconium) and late (iron, copper, zinc) d-block metals. The metal atom forms an adduct with a lone-pair bearing electronegative atom in the substrate, such as oxygen (both sp2 or sp3), nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens. The complexation has partial charge-transfer character and makes the lone-pair donor effectively more electronegative, activating the substrate toward nucleophilic attack, heterolytic bond cleavage, or cycloaddition with 1,3-dienes and 1,3-dipoles.Many classical reactions involving carbon–carbon or carbon–heteroatom bond formation can be catalyzed by Lewis acids. Examples include the Friedel-Crafts reaction, the aldol reaction, and various pericyclic processes that proceed slowly at room temperature, such as the Diels-Alder reaction and the ene reaction. In addition to accelerating the reactions, Lewis acid catalysts are able to impose regioselectivity and stereoselectivity in many cases.Early developments in Lewis acid reagents focused on easily available compounds such as TiCl4, BF3, SnCl4, and AlCl3. The relative strengths of these (and other) Lewis acids may be estimated from NMR spectroscopy by the Childs method or the Gutmann-Beckett method. Over the years, versatile catalysts bearing ligands designed for specific applications have facilitated improvement in both reactivity and selectivity of Lewis acid-catalyzed reactions. More recently, Lewis acid catalysts with chiral ligands have become an important class of tools for asymmetric catalysis.Challenges in the development of Lewis acid catalysis include inefficient catalyst turnover (caused by catalyst affinity for the product) and the frequent requirement of two-point binding for stereoselectivity, which often necessitates the use of auxiliary groups.