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Preview as PDF - Pearson Higher Education
Preview as PDF - Pearson Higher Education

... comes from the sun. In photosynthesis, the energy of sunlight is used to rearrange the atoms of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O), producing organic molecules and releasing oxygen (O2). In cellular respiration, O2 is consumed as organic molecules are broken down to CO2 and H2O, and the cell captu ...
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical

... 4) Why does the oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen to produce CO 2  and water release free energy? A) The covalent bonds in organic molecules are higher energy bonds than those in water and carbon dioxide. B) Electrons are being moved from atoms that have a lower affinity for electro ...
Head-Gordon`s
Head-Gordon`s

... is scarcely the only important environment in which chemical processes occur, although it does have the merit of being simplest to model! In section 7, I give an overview of the ways in which environments such as those in solution, or for molecules interacting with extended surfaces, are currently t ...
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation

... fermentation, the pyruvate breaks down into Ethanol (alcohol) as it gives off one carbon dioxide (per pyruvate) while accepting two electrons from NADH. This breaks down NADH into NAD+ so that it can be used by Glycolysis again and again. In bacteria (prokaryotes), this has to happen because there a ...
Glucose Metabolism
Glucose Metabolism

... B. When glucose in the bloodstream enters the cytosol (internal fluid) of our cells, it is immediately converted to glucose – 6 – phosphate. 1. This is an exergonic process and not reversible. Glucose + ATP Æ Glucose – 6 – phosphate + ADP ΔG = -4.0 kcal/mol ...
MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY II INTRODUCTORY LECTURE
MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY II INTRODUCTORY LECTURE

... ENZYME CLASSIFICATION SIX CLASSES ...
The TCA Cycle
The TCA Cycle

... a. As far as oxidation of carbs goes, you’ll recall that most of the preparatory stage of changing glucose to pyruvate takes place in the cytosol. This is a unique feature of carbohydrates, as fatty acids and amino acids will be oxidized directly in the mitochondria. b. The ability of glucose to be ...
(January 2005).
(January 2005).

... ATP to ADP + Pi releases energy/exergonic or description; ADP + Pi to ATP needs energy/endergonic or description; easily reversible; transfers energy from place of release/one molecule to energy-requiring reactions; provides energy in 'small packets'/figure e.g. 30.6 or 31. ...
Energy Systems - Southwest High School
Energy Systems - Southwest High School

... Long Term Energy: The Oxygen System Used for most daily activities and longer duration physical activities and sports. In the aerobic system, a complex chemical reaction known as OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION is used to resynthesize ATP. This takes place in Cell organelles called Mitrochondria. A metabo ...
Product Data Sheet
Product Data Sheet

... Mitochondria are the cellular components responsible for generating the energy required to sustain life. Energy is produced from the flow of free electrons through the electron transport chain produced by oxidative phosphorylation. Because mitochondria serve as the powerhouse of the cell, their prop ...
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration

... acid enters the pathways of aerobic respiration. (Aerobic respiration is covered in detail in the next section.) In anaerobic conditions (when oxygen is absent), however, some cells can convert pyruvic acid into other compounds through additional biochemical pathways that occur in the cytosol. The c ...
9/2/08 Transcript I - UAB School of Optometry
9/2/08 Transcript I - UAB School of Optometry

...  Utilized in "Fight or Flight"- If confronted by a lion then you will fight or flee and use this type of process because it does not require any set up time or oxygen.  There are 10 rxns which are the same in all cells, but may not happen at same rate.  2 Phases: 1. Converts glucose to two Glycer ...
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
CITRIC ACID CYCLE

... It is the second of three metabolic pathways that are involved in fuel molecule catabolism and ATP production, the other two being glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. The citric acid cycle also provides precursors for many compounds such as certain amino acids, and some of its reactions are th ...
SOLUTE TRANSPORT
SOLUTE TRANSPORT

... Characterize each of the transport systems diagrammed below. [antiport vs. symport; electroneutral vs. electrogenic] ...
respiration_how cell..
respiration_how cell..

... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production
Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production

... • protons (H+) from Complexes I, III, and IV move into the intermembrane space. • a proton gradient is created. • protons return to matrix through ATP synthase, a protein complex. • the flow of protons provides energy for ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation). ADP + Pi + Energy ...
key - Scioly.org
key - Scioly.org

... glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria glycolysis is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration glycolysis produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate ...
Photocatalysis on TiOn Surfaces: Principles, Mechanisms, and
Photocatalysis on TiOn Surfaces: Principles, Mechanisms, and

... for a molecule are given in the energy level diagram in Figure 2.2. The ground state singlet energy level of the molecule is represented by SOand illustrates the energy of the molecule at room temperature in solution. The ground vibrational states for the three excited electronic states shown in Fig ...
Citrate Cycle
Citrate Cycle

... Reaction 6: Oxidation of succinate by succinate dehydrogenase to form fumarate This coupled redox reaction directly links the citrate cycle to the electron transport system through the redox conjugate pair FAD/FADH2 which is covalently linked to the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase, an inner mitochond ...
Chapter 7
Chapter 7

... Glycolysis in Aerobic Respiration • Uses 2 ATP, produces 2 molecules of the more reactive, higher energy PGAL 2 ATP ...
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

... • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts ...
Key - UCSB CLAS
Key - UCSB CLAS

... 1. What role do cofactors play? Give 2 examples of cofactors. Cofactors are molecules or metal ions that work with enzymes in biochemical reactions – examples include NAD+, FAD, TPP, biotin, PLP, lipoate, and CoASH 2. Niacin is required to make the coenzymes NAD+, NADP+, NADH and NADPH which are nec ...
Final Exam - KFUPM Faculty List
Final Exam - KFUPM Faculty List

... Since O2 is a diatomic gas, here we have 40 million O atoms, corresponding to 40 x 106/(6.022 x 1023) mol O atoms = 6.64 x 10-17 mol O atoms choice E 2. The element oxygen consists of three naturally occurring isotopes: 16O, 17O, and 18O. The average atomic mass of oxygen is 16.00 amu. What does thi ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... Energy is released when a high-energy phosphate bond in ATP is broken. Just as a battery can be used to provide energy for a variety of uses, the energy from ATP can be used to do most of the body’s work—contract muscles, transport compounds, make new molecules, and more. With the loss of a phosphat ...
Chapter 5-7
Chapter 5-7

... Catalyst Summary  Four important principles about all catalysts • They speed up reactions that would occur anyway, if their activation energy could be surmounted. • Catalysts lower activation energy. • The lowered activation energy allows reactions to move forward more quickly. • Catalysts are not ...
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Light-dependent reactions

In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.[.The two photosystems absorb light energy through pigments - primarily the chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of leaves. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI, the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylation, which occurs in two different ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATPThe two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain. Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function. They use special proteins, called light-harvesting complexes, to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms.
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