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Chapter 7 Notes - MDC Faculty Home Pages
Chapter 7 Notes - MDC Faculty Home Pages

... • Overview of the three stages. – Glycolysis—for eukaryotes, this is the first stage. It begins breakdown of glucose, yielding little energy, but it does transfer electrons to NAD+. On the plus side, it doesn’t require oxygen and occurs in the cytoplasm, and some prokaryotes and single-celled eukary ...
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Chapter 4 Study Guide
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AP Biology Study Guide
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... • Occurs in the thylakoids or grana of chloroplast. • Light is absorbed in the pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) which are organized on the membranes of the thylakoids. • The regions of organization are called photosystems which include: • Chlorophyll a molecules • Accessory pigments • A prote ...
Cellular Respiration - Chapter 8 (new book).
Cellular Respiration - Chapter 8 (new book).

... 4. anaerobic respiration = does not require oxygen (yeast, bacteria) 5. some organisms produce their own “high energy” food molecules (autotrophic – “producers – plants, some bacteria) while other obtain their food molecules from other sources (heterotrophic – animals, fungi) ...
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... • White light is actually a mixture of different wavelengths of light. • Plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called PIGMENTS. • The plant’s principle pigment is chlorophyll and there are 2 main types: “a” and “b.” – Plants also contain red and orange pigments such as carote ...
9-2 Photosynthesis: Trapping the Sun`s Energy
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... • White light is actually a mixture of different wavelengths of light. • Plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called PIGMENTS. • The plant’s principle pigment is chlorophyll and there are 2 main types: “a” and “b.” – Plants also contain red and orange pigments such as carote ...
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Photosynthesis Study Guide
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... Photosynthesis is a process in which sunlight energy is used to make glucose. The site of photosynthesis is in the chloroplast – a organelle found in the leaves of green plants. The main functions of chloroplasts are to produce food (glucose) during photosynthesis, and to store food energy. Chloropl ...
Cells and Energy Review ____ 1. Which of the following statements
Cells and Energy Review ____ 1. Which of the following statements

... c. They use chemical energy. d. They use chemosynthesis. 2. Which phrase best describes the function of the ATP molecule? a. uses energy b. carries energy c. absorbs energy d. converts energy 3. Where does the chemical energy to produce ATP come from? a. the conversion of ATP to ADP b. the use of ch ...
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Light-dependent reactions

In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.[.The two photosystems absorb light energy through pigments - primarily the chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of leaves. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI, the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylation, which occurs in two different ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATPThe two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain. Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function. They use special proteins, called light-harvesting complexes, to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms.
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