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Photosynthesis - Chicagoland Jewish High School
Photosynthesis - Chicagoland Jewish High School

... 3. Wavelength not absorbed by chlorophylls reflected as green 4. Chlorophyll absorbs in a narrow range, but with great efficiency c. xanthrophyll ...
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Exam 2 Practice - Nicholls State University

... mitochondrial membrane c. because NADH produced in glycolysis cannot be used to produce ATP d. because cells seldom receive enough oxygen to be 100% efficient 24. Which statement about B-oxidation is correct? a. deamination is required before it begins b. it ultimately yields fewer ATP molecules per ...
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... 42. Within a period, the atomic radius __________ as the atomic number increases. 43. As a nonmetal becomes an ion, its radius _________ 44. The ______________ are the family that contain the most reactive metals. 45. Examine the following electron configuration for element X and use it to answer th ...
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... NADH enters at first protein – ejects 2 hydrogen ions (one pair of H+) from the inner membrane of the mitochondria Ejects two more pairs of H+ at the next two steps in the chain A total of 3 pairs of H+ have been ejected when an NADH completes it’s passage along the chain Each pair of H+ ions passes ...
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PowerPoint Presentation - Ch. 6 Cellular Respiration

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... • Glycolysis, which occurs in the cytosol, begins the degradation process by breaking down glucose into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate. • The citric acid cycle, which takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to car ...
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... C. This allows the organelle to have more copies of photosystems I and II and ATP synthase. D. The larger membrane improves its fluidity. E. This makes a more effective barrier to prevent protons from leaking through. 2. At the end of the electron transport chain found in the thylakoid membrane, the ...
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ATP, Photosynthesis and Respiration

... higher energy level. They are captured by a primary electron acceptor. Photolysis: H2O gets split apart into 2 e- , 2 H+, and one oxygen atom.. The ereplace those lost by ChloroA. 2 oxygen molecules combine and is released into the air. H+ are released into the inner thylakoid space, which creates a ...
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Light-dependent reactions

In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.[.The two photosystems absorb light energy through pigments - primarily the chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of leaves. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI, the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylation, which occurs in two different ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATPThe two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain. Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function. They use special proteins, called light-harvesting complexes, to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms.
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