• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Biology 2107/03
Biology 2107/03

... For each cycle in its mechanism, it transports three sodium ions (Na+) into the cell, two potassium ions (K+) out of the cell, and hydrolyzes one ATP molecule. For each cycle in its mechanism, it transports three sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell, two potassium ions (K+) into of the cell, and hydrol ...
2106lecture 11a powerpoint
2106lecture 11a powerpoint

... a relatively small amount of ATP relative to aerobic metabolism All out effort for 60-120 seconds ...
A-level Biology Modified insert Unit 06X - EMPA June 2013
A-level Biology Modified insert Unit 06X - EMPA June 2013

... INTRODUCTION Plants have pigments that absorb light energy for photosynthesis. These pigments include two types of chlorophyll and a group of pigments known as carotenoids. Different species of plant contain different amounts of these pigments. The pigments that each plant species has are adaptation ...
Energy Review Questions
Energy Review Questions

... Explain the relationship between an enzyme and a catalyst. What is the role of each? Catalysts are chemicals that control the speed of reactions without changing the products formed by the reaction. Enzymes are special protein catalysts that control the rates of reactions that occur in living cells. ...
Chemistry Definitions
Chemistry Definitions

... 10. Atomic Orbital: region of space with ≥90% probability of finding an electron 11. Aufban’s Principle: Electrons in their ground states occupy orbitals in order of energy levels. The orbital with the lowest energy is always filled first 12. Hund’s Rule of Multiplicity: When filling subshells that ...
chemistry final - Madison Public Schools
chemistry final - Madison Public Schools

... says,  “I  don’t  know,  but  let’s  see  if  it  works  in  water.”  Ronika  fills  a  glass  with  water  and   drops  a  raisin  into  the  glass.  After  a  few  minutes,  Thomas  says,  “No,  it  doesn’t  go  up  and   do ...
Fermentation
Fermentation

... substrate, glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and ATP production will all come to a stop. The NAD+ produced by the oxidation of pyruvate during fermentation rapidly cycles back to participate again in glycolysis. In this way, cells can still perform glycolysis, and gain the ATP it produces, even in the ab ...
Whoops! Wrong Calvin…
Whoops! Wrong Calvin…

... Adapted from: Kim Foglia, Explore Biology ...
IB Definitions
IB Definitions

... An exothermic reaction is one in which there is an overall negative enthalpy change (heat is evolved) An endothermic reaction is one in which there is an overall postive enthalpy change (heat is absorbed) The standard enthalpy change of a reaction is the enthalpy change when one mole of reactants is ...
Document
Document

... • Production of ATP in Electron Transport • Electrochemical Gradient Formed between membranes • H+ (Protons) generated from NADH • Electrical Force (+) & pH Force (Acid) • Gradient formed • ATPase enzyme that channels H+ from High to Low concentration – 3 ATP/NADH – 2 ATP/NADH Chapter 5 ...
Energy represents the capacity to do work. Cells must
Energy represents the capacity to do work. Cells must

... Name three features of chloroplasts that are indicative of their origin. (It is referred to as endosymbiosis or the endosymbiotic theory) Click 3. Photosynthesis can be divided in two different processes. What are these processes? What are their products and reactants? 4. Oxygen is released during p ...
1. Triglyceride degradation is not influenced by: A cAMP B Glucagon
1. Triglyceride degradation is not influenced by: A cAMP B Glucagon

... A 5 molecules of mevalonate B 6 isoprene units C 15 molecules of acetyl CoA D 3 molecules of farnesyl pyrophosphate 8. Which of the following lipoproteins participates in reverse cholesterol transport: A VLDL B HDL C LDL D chylomicrons 9. Which of the following occurs when cholesterol enters cells: ...
Energy - Phillips Scientific Methods
Energy - Phillips Scientific Methods

... during glycolysis & Krebs cycle) are transferred to O2 to produce ...
Calvin cycle
Calvin cycle

... Photosynthesis light CO2 + H2O + energy  C6H12O6 + O2 ...
Nutrient Role in Bioenergetics
Nutrient Role in Bioenergetics

... Nutrient Role in Bioenergetics ...
Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life
Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life

... In a polar molecule the electrons are shared, but they spend more time around one atom than another Since the electrons in water spend more time around the Oxygen atom, that end of the molecule is slightly positive, while the Hydrogen side is slightly negative ...
Notes
Notes

... form to another without a loss of usable energy •Heat given off through the conversion of chemical energy to kinetic energy is not a usable form of energy ...
Fundamentals of Biochemistry 2/e
Fundamentals of Biochemistry 2/e

... Glycolysis converts to two C3 units. The free energy released in this process is harvested to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi ...
Chapter 7
Chapter 7

... NADH, FADH2, and NADPH are important carriers of hydrogen and high-energy electrons. NADH and FADH2 are used in making ATP, while NADPH is used in biosynthetic reactions. C. NADPH: An Energy Shuttle for Biosynthesis Key terms: ATP, NADH, FADH2, NADPH, biosynthesis, ADP, pyrophosphate, AMP, GTP, NAD, ...
File - Mr. Shanks` Class
File - Mr. Shanks` Class

... Hydrogen bonding occurs between polar molecules containing hydrogen. The slightly negatove atom in one molecule (usually O or N) exerts a pull on a hydroogen atom in an adjacent molecule, creating a hydogen bond. The hydrogen bond is easily broken but acts to hold molecules together. ...
Metals in photosynthesis
Metals in photosynthesis

... Reminder: Substitution of Mg by Cu, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, ... in Chl renders antennae and reaction centres useless for photosynthesis ...
Energy and Respiration
Energy and Respiration

... anaerobic respiration two molecules of ATP (energy) are produced. for every molecule of glucose used in the reaction. Likewise for lactate fermentation 2 molecules of ATP are produced for every molecule of glucose ...
PART 1: TRUE OR FALSE (1 point each)
PART 1: TRUE OR FALSE (1 point each)

... which a molecule of water is generated. 2. In living organisms, the majority of proteins found exist in only one isomeric form. 3. Within a single protein, both alpha helices and beta sheets can be present. 4. Noncovalent bonds are the main determinant of protein tertiary structure. 5. According to ...
energy & cellular respiration
energy & cellular respiration

... • At the “bottom” O2 captures these electrons along with hydrogen nuclei (H+) forming H2O. ...
Document
Document

... When you raise the shade, explain what happens on the screen. _____________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 7. What molecule is released from th ...
< 1 ... 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 ... 286 >

Light-dependent reactions

In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.[.The two photosystems absorb light energy through pigments - primarily the chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of leaves. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI, the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylation, which occurs in two different ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATPThe two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain. Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function. They use special proteins, called light-harvesting complexes, to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms.
  • studyres.com © 2026
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report