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Biochemistry of cell organelles
Biochemistry of cell organelles

... 3. The inner membrane (MIM) does not freely permeable to solutes because it should keep the proton gradient between matrix and intermembrane space. According to chemiosmotic hypothesis (Mitchel) the mitochondrion uses this gradient as a source of energy for synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi. ...
Unit 3 Spiraling
Unit 3 Spiraling

... -There are only certain regions in the electron cloud where electrons are likely to be found. These regions are called energy levels. The lowest energy level is closest to the nucleus; the highest energy level is farthest away from the nucleus. Electrons will occupy the lowest available energy level ...
Energy Systems and Muscle Fibre Types
Energy Systems and Muscle Fibre Types

... If the heart and lungs can not effectively pump enough oxygen to the tissues, then the system will shift to anaerobic pathways! Training effect!...ability to do more work (i.e. use ATP with the same effort) Individuals with healthy hearts and lungs can deliver more oxygen to their tissues and remain ...
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6-HarvestingEner

... Topics you are not responsible for: The individual enzymatic steps of glycolysis, Krebs cycle and the ETC The details of fat metabolism through β-oxidation ...
HONORS BIOLOGY CHAPTER 6 - Hudson City Schools / Homepage
HONORS BIOLOGY CHAPTER 6 - Hudson City Schools / Homepage

... Chemiosmosis and ETC • Flow of e- from NADH + FADH2 shuttle down the ETC to a final electron acceptor (oxygen) • Each of the O2 combines with 2 e- and 2 H+ to form H2O • Energy from e- transports H+ ions across the inner membrane so ADP + P forms ATP ...
PACK 3 - Speyside High School
PACK 3 - Speyside High School

... Some of the chemical reactions are Catabolic and involve the breakdown of large molecules into smaller, simpler ones -e.g. digestion; respiration. Many of these reactions are Exergonic - in other words they liberate energy. Some chemical reactions are Anabolic and involve the building of complex mol ...
Chapter 8 Enzymes: basic concepts and kinetics
Chapter 8 Enzymes: basic concepts and kinetics

... • The reducing equivalents are transferred to NAD+ and FAD. NADH and FADH2 are formed. • Reducing equivalents are transferred to an electron transport chain, a respiratory chain. • Free energy is stored in a proton gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP. ...
Metabolism and Energetics
Metabolism and Energetics

... • The more hydrogen atoms a molecule has (the more highly “reduced”), the more energy it contains. • Hydrogen atoms (and their electrons) are stripped off energy rich molecules and are passed on to O2. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the “oxidation” process. • Oxygen accepts the electrons, ...
PChem Data 7-9 Data Talk Version 2
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... • It can hold H2O close until energy from light/photons knocks off the protons and oxidizes it to O, which will combine with another nearby O to make oxygen ...
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... • The inner membrane, which encloses the matrix space, is folded to form cristae. The area of the inner membrane is about five times as great as the outer membrane. • This membrane is richly endowed with cardiolipin, a phospholipid that possesses four, rather than the usual two, fatty acyl chains. T ...
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ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration Powerpoint

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... C) Explain how two isotopes of an element are similar. Explain how they are different. D) Describe two biological applications that use radioactive isotopes. E) Define the terms energy and potential energy. Explain why electrons in the first electron shell have less potential energy than electrons i ...
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Chapter 9 powerpoint and animations

... oxygen was present • Earliest fossil bacteria present 3.5 billion years ago but large amounts of oxygen not present until 2.7 billion years ago • Glycolysis happens in cytoplasm without membrane bound organelles suggests it was found in early prokaryotic cells since eukaryotes appeared 1 billion yea ...
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By Rachel Hughes and Kirstin Bittel

... solar energy to combine molecules of carbon dioxide and water into complex, energy rich organic compounds and release oxygen to the environment. This process of photosynthesis provides a vital connection between the sun and the energy needs of living systems. ...
Cellular Respiration - Cathkin High School
Cellular Respiration - Cathkin High School

...  The electron transport chain is a collection of proteins attached to the folded inner membranes of the mitochondria.  NADH and FADH2 release the high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain where they pass along the chain, releasing energy.  The energy is used to pump H ions across the ...
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Week 2 Review - Monarch Knights

... Surface  Tension   o like  an  invisible  film  on  the  surface  -­‐    you  can  see  this  when  you  over  fill  a  glass  of  water   ...
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... Answer (key points): When endurance athletes cannot take in enough oxygen to meet the body’s demands for the large amounts of oxygen needed to produce ATP via the electron transport chain, pyruvate remains in the cytoplasm and is converted to lactate. Lactate is then released into the blood and take ...
Harvesting stored energy
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...  too reactive  transfers Pi too easily  only short term energy ADP + Pi storage  carbohydrates & fats are A working muscle recycles over long term energy storage 10 million ATPs per second Whoa! Pass me the glucose (and O2)! ...
Name: Date: Subject: Energy Flow in Living Systems Objectives
Name: Date: Subject: Energy Flow in Living Systems Objectives

... Do you know that you are solar powered? In fact most of the energy that life on Earth uses comes originally from the sun. The sun energy is stored in an organic molecules we call sugar. We call this process photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process in which plants, algae, and some bacteria make ...
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration

... In a general sense, fermentation is the conversion of a carbohydrate such as sugar into an acid or an alcohol. More specifically, fermentation can refer to the use of yeast to change sugar into alcohol or the use of bacteria to create lactic acid in certain foods. Fermentation occurs naturally in ma ...
lecture 6, cellular respiration, 031709
lecture 6, cellular respiration, 031709

... Glycolysis is the anaerobic pathway that can provide a limited number of ATP molecules for cellular work in the absence of oxygen. • The process isn’t efficient since two ATP molecules are produced for every glucose molecule compared to 36 ATP molecules in the Krebs cycle and electron transport chai ...
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4/5, 4/7 biology worksheet Definitions: ∆G, Activation energy

... a. Exergonic reaction means activation energy is bigger than ∆G b. Exergonic reaction means starting material has lower energy than the products c. Exergonic reaction states that the molecule has less energy after the reaction d. Exergonic reactions means it needs enzyme to proceed. 2. You went to w ...
Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration Using the
Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration Using the

... made (10 NADH and 2 FADH2). •Along the inner membrane of the mitochondria, electrons from NADH and FADH2 ...
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Light-dependent reactions

In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.[.The two photosystems absorb light energy through pigments - primarily the chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of leaves. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI, the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylation, which occurs in two different ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATPThe two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain. Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function. They use special proteins, called light-harvesting complexes, to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms.
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