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16-18 Cellular respiration
16-18 Cellular respiration

... A German-British scientist, Hans Krebs, elucidated this catabolic pathway in the 1930s. The Krebs cycle, which is also known as the citric acid cycle, has eight enzyme-controlled steps that occur in the mitochondrial matrix. ...
Cellular Respiration Notes
Cellular Respiration Notes

... electron carriers embedded into the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. As electrons are passed from one compound to the next in the chain, their energy is harvested and stored by forming ATP. For each molecule of NADH which puts its two electrons in, approximately three molecules of ATP are formed, ...
CHAPTER 1 -Chemistry -Matter -Elements -Atoms
CHAPTER 1 -Chemistry -Matter -Elements -Atoms

... 2) The value of the change in heat for the reaction is 70 kJ. kJ of heat are released when 14 grams of hydrogen gas are completely reacted. a. 5 kJ b. 10 kJ c. 140 kJ d. 490 kJ e. 980 kJ 3) The temperature of a 10g sample of metal increase from 20°C to 30°C when 30 J of heat are added to it. The spe ...
as a PDF
as a PDF

... membranes that are involved in chemiosmosis. • This force is an electrochemical gradient with two components: 1. Concentration gradient of protons (chemical gradient). 2. Voltage across the membrane because of a higher concentration of positively charged protons on one side (electrical gradient). • ...
Mitochondria Mitochondria are the organelles that function as the
Mitochondria Mitochondria are the organelles that function as the

... carbohydrate can be broken into during digestion, gets oxidized and broken into two 3carbon molecules (pyruvates), which are then fed into the Kreb's Cycle. Glycolysis is the beginning of cellular respiration and takes place in the cytoplasm. Two molecules of ATP are required for glycolysis, but fou ...
Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and
Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and

... # ATP produced during respiration ...
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration

... This is the final pathway of aerobic respiration. It occurS in the mitochondria. The pathway removes electrons and protons from the NADH and FADH2 molecules. FAD is Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide. It is an electron carrier like NADH. FADH2 is the reduced fonn that carries the electrons and protons. . E ...
2/1/12 Metabolism
2/1/12 Metabolism

... cytoplasmic membrane so that electrons are separated from protons (Figure 4.19) • Electron carriers arranged in membrane in order of their reduction potential • The final carrier in the chain donates the electrons and protons to the terminal electron acceptor ...
Questions for Photosynthesis Preview powerpoint
Questions for Photosynthesis Preview powerpoint

... 12. At the end of the light reaction of photosynthesis, there are 2 forms of energy. ...
acetyl CoA
acetyl CoA

... Inside the mitochondrion (before the citric acid cycle can begin), pyruvate (3C) must be decarboxylated into acetate (2C), then oxidized and joined to a molecule of Coenzyme A, and so converted to acetyl CoA, which links the cycle to glycolysis. During the transformation process of pyruvate into ac ...
enviro bio cellular respiration powerpoint 2013
enviro bio cellular respiration powerpoint 2013

... What do wood, a marshmallow and gasoline all have in common? ...
The Chemical Level of Organization
The Chemical Level of Organization

... decomposition reaction in which the components of water molecules (H+ and OH-) added to the ends of the fragments. Hydrolysis is one of the reactions used in digestion. - When chemical bonds are broken, energy is released. Catabolism is work done by cells using kinetic energy from decomposition reac ...
Energy Transfer Review notes
Energy Transfer Review notes

... The light reactions (in the thylakoids) split water, release O 2, produce ATP, and form NADPH The Calvin cycle (in the stroma) forms sugar from CO 2, using ATP and NADPH The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH The thylakoids transform light into the chemical ...
Cell Respiration
Cell Respiration

... process, an energyrich hydrogen is harvested as NADH, and two ATP molecules are formed. ...
EVPP 110 Lecture - Exam 1 - Study Guide
EVPP 110 Lecture - Exam 1 - Study Guide

... absence here of a topic or point covered in lecture means that it won't be on the exam. The presence here of a topic or point covered in lecture does not guarantee that there will be a question about it on the exam. There are many more "study questions" here than there will be questions on the exam. ...
Photosynthesis and Sucrose Production
Photosynthesis and Sucrose Production

... Figure 2.4 illustrates electron and proton transport processes. Electrons are initially energized by sunlight hitting photosystem II (PSII; see figure legend) and transported to photosystem I (PSI). In PSI, sunlight energy is again imparted and the electrons are transferred by ferredoxin, another el ...
Photosynthesis: dark reactions
Photosynthesis: dark reactions

... with is in turn used to make other sugars and starch • some fructose is converted into glucose; molecular of glucose are smaller and store more energy than ATP • fructose and glucose are used to make sucrose which is shipped throughout the plant • much of the photosynthate is used to make cellulose ...
answer key
answer key

... Glycolysis converts 1glucose to 2pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH. The 2pyruvate are converted to 2acetyl-CoA + 2NADH by pyruvate dehydrogenase. The citric acid cycle converts 2acetyl-CoA to 6NADH + 2GTP + 2FADH2 + 4CO2. Hence, altogether this process generates 2ATP + 10NADH + 2FADH2 + 2GTP. Because each NAD ...
File - Pedersen Science
File - Pedersen Science

... 4. Summarize in your own words what occurs during redox reaction. 5. What molecule is oxidized in cellular respiration? What is the product of this oxidation? 6. Which molecules are reduced? What is product of this reduction? 7. What is the role of the coenzyme NAD+ in cellular respiration? 8. What ...
Chapter 8 - Energy and Enzymes
Chapter 8 - Energy and Enzymes

... A hydrogen ion gradient is also used to produce ATP in the chloroplast (diagram below). In this case, sunlight provides energy to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid. The energy of their movement back into the stroma by osmotic pressure is used to produce ATP. The enzyme that uses a hydrogen ion ...
Cell Energy - WordPress.com
Cell Energy - WordPress.com

... respiration opposite or complementary processes?  This means that one cannot happen ...
Light-independent reactions - Mrs Jones A
Light-independent reactions - Mrs Jones A

... The enzyme RuBisCO (short for ribulose biphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase) is the most abundant enzyme on earth, as it makes approximately 50% of leaf protein. It is of upmost importance to life. Although you can see that the Calvin cycle uses RuBisCO to combine a molecule of RuBP and carbon dioxide, ...
051607
051607

... – Two states: high affinity (R for Hb) & low (T) – Different factors influence the R↔T equil • Oxygen: allosteric activator (positive) • BPG, H+, etc.: allosteric inhibitors ...
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration

... membrane of the mitochondria. • These proteins transfer electrons from one to another, down the chain. • These electrons are added, along with some of the H+ protons, to oxygen, which is the final electron acceptor. This produces water. • The rest of the H+ ions, go through the ion protein channel i ...
Energy in the Cell
Energy in the Cell

... wavelengths; colors appear when only some wavelengths are present. Chlorophyll is green because it absorbs the red and blue wavelengths, reflecting only the green wavelengths. Other plant pigments absorb different wavelengths, so they have different colors. Absorbing light puts chlorophyll into a hi ...
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Light-dependent reactions

In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.[.The two photosystems absorb light energy through pigments - primarily the chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of leaves. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI, the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylation, which occurs in two different ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATPThe two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain. Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function. They use special proteins, called light-harvesting complexes, to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms.
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