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Chapter 7 Slides
Chapter 7 Slides

... 7.5 Overview: The two stages of photosynthesis are linked by ATP and NADPH 2. The second stage is the Calvin cycle, which occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. – The Calvin cycle is a cyclic series of reactions that assembles sugar molecules using CO2 and the energy-rich products of the light re ...
Photosynthesis ( [photo-], "light," and [synthesis], "putting together
Photosynthesis ( [photo-], "light," and [synthesis], "putting together

... Photosynthesis ( [photo-], "light," and [synthesis], "putting together", "composition") is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert the light energy captured from the sun into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organism's activities. Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, a ...
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... Photosynthesis summary  Light reactions produced ATP  produced NADPH  consumed H2O  produced O2 as byproduct ...
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CELLULAR RESPIRTION Powerpoint

... 5. Know that electrons are stripped from glucose as it is broken down and that these electrons are carried to the electron transport chain in the form of NADH to make most of the ATP 6. Know that the entire process converts 1 molecule of glucose to 36 molecules of ATP mainly through the enzyme ATP s ...
Notes - PDST
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...  It produces just a small amount of energy as ATP.  If fermentation takes place, the molecules of pyruvate change to ethanol + CO2 (yeast) or to lactic acid (bacteria and humans) ...
T06 Fermentations 2014
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... • NAHD accumulates and NAD+ is depleted • TCA cycle (requiring NAD+) can’t run • glucose uptake stops NADH (or NADPH) can also be used for anabolism (assimilation) but in addition to reducing power also ATP is needed for assimilation ...
The Hunt for Red October - HFRO
The Hunt for Red October - HFRO

... glucose is oxidized to pyruvate in the absence of oxygen. The energy released in this process is used to generate ATP directly by substrate level phosphorylation, in which phosphate groups are transferred directly from organic substrates to ADP. To obtain energy from glucose, hydrogen atoms are remo ...
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... chloroplasts which contain a green chemical called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll enables the light energy from sunlight to be converted into chemical energy for the photosynthesis reaction. ...
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... both Plants & Animals do this! • They both have to break down food molecules to use the energy and release H2O & CO2 as by products • Remember the Tree diagram! CO2 came out of the tree’s roots & H2O comes out of the leaves ...
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... •H2O → H+ + OH‐, log K = 10‐14 •pH of a neutral solution of water = 7 •Acid‐base balances within Earth system generally  involve elements of relatively high abundance ...
Chapter 8 THE ENERGY CONSUMING PROCESS OF RESPIRATION
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... and other food molecules from inorganic raw materials. (2) _____________ is partially broken down by the glycolytic pathway; at the end of this process some of its stored energy remains in two (3) _____________ molecules. Some of the energy of glucose is released during the breakdown reactions and u ...
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... electronegative ecarriers in 3 membrane-bound complexes. v NADH starts at high energy level, FADH2 slightly lower. v O2 is the final eacceptor. ...
The Basics - I`m a faculty member, and I need web space. What
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... overcome the attraction of the nuclear charge and remove an electron from a gaseous atom • 1st ionization energy: the energy required to remove the first electron • 2nd ionization energy: the energy required to remove the second electron • 3rd ionization energy: the energy required removing the thir ...
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Light-dependent reactions

In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.[.The two photosystems absorb light energy through pigments - primarily the chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of leaves. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI, the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylation, which occurs in two different ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATPThe two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain. Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function. They use special proteins, called light-harvesting complexes, to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms.
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