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... Fig. 2. Labeling options with Raeppli constructs. (A) Activation of one copy of Raeppli results in clones of four different colors: TagBFP, green; mKate2, red; E2Orange, blue; mTFP, white. The insets show individual channels of the fluorescent proteins. (B) Larval epidermis nuclei marked with a sing ...
... Fig. 2. Labeling options with Raeppli constructs. (A) Activation of one copy of Raeppli results in clones of four different colors: TagBFP, green; mKate2, red; E2Orange, blue; mTFP, white. The insets show individual channels of the fluorescent proteins. (B) Larval epidermis nuclei marked with a sing ...
Senescence-Associated Vacuoles, a Specific Lytic Compartment for
... photosystem II). This reflects that the breakdown of chloroplasts is an important process during leaf senescence, and integral to the role of senescence in nutrient redistribution [3–5]. Leaves constitute an important store of nutrients, particularly nitrogen, which are mostly held in the photosynth ...
... photosystem II). This reflects that the breakdown of chloroplasts is an important process during leaf senescence, and integral to the role of senescence in nutrient redistribution [3–5]. Leaves constitute an important store of nutrients, particularly nitrogen, which are mostly held in the photosynth ...
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... Fig. 1. Characterization of the long isoforms (UNC-53L) of unc-53. (A) Structure of the unc-53 gene. The start of the various UNC-53L and UNC-53S isoforms are indicated by arrows. The promoter for UNC-53SA is between exons 5 and 8, and the promoter for UNC-53SB is located between exons 8 and 13 (Cho ...
... Fig. 1. Characterization of the long isoforms (UNC-53L) of unc-53. (A) Structure of the unc-53 gene. The start of the various UNC-53L and UNC-53S isoforms are indicated by arrows. The promoter for UNC-53SA is between exons 5 and 8, and the promoter for UNC-53SB is located between exons 8 and 13 (Cho ...
Mechanisms of the Spectral Shifts for Retinitis Pigmentosa Mutants
... considered, (d) dispersion effects should be taken into account, (e) a sampling of the conformations is necessary to calculate absorption energies and spectra that are directly comparable to those from the experiment. Most approaches rely on geometry optimization, evaluating the spectrum at a single ...
... considered, (d) dispersion effects should be taken into account, (e) a sampling of the conformations is necessary to calculate absorption energies and spectra that are directly comparable to those from the experiment. Most approaches rely on geometry optimization, evaluating the spectrum at a single ...
Molecular Characterization of Two Arabidopsis Ire1 Homologs
... regulated the level of ␣-amylase, a secreted protein, compared with a cytosolic protein. Co-expression of BiP restored amylase synthesis, suggesting that there was insufficient BiP to take care of the large increase in the demand for folding required by the overexpressed ␣-amylase. Because this part ...
... regulated the level of ␣-amylase, a secreted protein, compared with a cytosolic protein. Co-expression of BiP restored amylase synthesis, suggesting that there was insufficient BiP to take care of the large increase in the demand for folding required by the overexpressed ␣-amylase. Because this part ...
Simplification of the genetic code: restricted
... reduced alphabet. In one of the codes, a tRNAAla variant with the Trp anticodon reassigns alanine to an unassigned UGG codon in the Escherichia coli S30 cell-free translation system lacking tryptophan. We confirmed that the efficiency and accuracy of protein synthesis by this Trp-lacking code were c ...
... reduced alphabet. In one of the codes, a tRNAAla variant with the Trp anticodon reassigns alanine to an unassigned UGG codon in the Escherichia coli S30 cell-free translation system lacking tryptophan. We confirmed that the efficiency and accuracy of protein synthesis by this Trp-lacking code were c ...
Ref ID: 386
... There was a reduction of 40-70% of the MYCN protein in transfected cells compared with control cells. Real-time RT-PCR showed that MYCN mRNA levels were reduced by approximately 40% compared with the negative control cells. This experiment confirms that the reduction of MYCN protein observed on West ...
... There was a reduction of 40-70% of the MYCN protein in transfected cells compared with control cells. Real-time RT-PCR showed that MYCN mRNA levels were reduced by approximately 40% compared with the negative control cells. This experiment confirms that the reduction of MYCN protein observed on West ...
Syntaxin of Plant Proteins SYP123 and SYP132 Mediate Root Hair
... the fluorescence intensity of GFP–SYP123 in the root hair region, but no difference was found in the root hair cell region. After 30 min of treatment, the focal accumulation of GFP–SYP123 in the root hair tip completely disappeared, and little difference was observed in fluorescence intensity betwee ...
... the fluorescence intensity of GFP–SYP123 in the root hair region, but no difference was found in the root hair cell region. After 30 min of treatment, the focal accumulation of GFP–SYP123 in the root hair tip completely disappeared, and little difference was observed in fluorescence intensity betwee ...
MOD ODN - rci.rutgers.edu
... (PEI), as the delivery agent and the green fluorescent (GFP) gene as an easily quantified model target. Fluorescence measurements indicate the level of downregulation of GFP, which in turn is dependent on the mechanism of complex formation and dissociation that we have assessed with biophysical meas ...
... (PEI), as the delivery agent and the green fluorescent (GFP) gene as an easily quantified model target. Fluorescence measurements indicate the level of downregulation of GFP, which in turn is dependent on the mechanism of complex formation and dissociation that we have assessed with biophysical meas ...
Dissection of autophagy in tobacco BY-2 cells
... larger than those in yeast cells. Similar images have been reported in cells of Arabidopsis roots and hypocotyls treated with concanamycin, and in these reports, cytoplasmic drops were thought to be formed in the same manner as in yeast cells.18,20 Besides membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic drops, membra ...
... larger than those in yeast cells. Similar images have been reported in cells of Arabidopsis roots and hypocotyls treated with concanamycin, and in these reports, cytoplasmic drops were thought to be formed in the same manner as in yeast cells.18,20 Besides membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic drops, membra ...
AtPex14p maintains peroxisomal functions by determining protein
... exclusively degraded in glyoxysomes (i.e. not in mitochondria) during germination and post-germinative growth (Beevers, 1982). In contrast, leaf peroxisomes are found widely in cells of photosynthetic organs. It has been shown that some of the enzymes responsible for photorespiration are localized i ...
... exclusively degraded in glyoxysomes (i.e. not in mitochondria) during germination and post-germinative growth (Beevers, 1982). In contrast, leaf peroxisomes are found widely in cells of photosynthetic organs. It has been shown that some of the enzymes responsible for photorespiration are localized i ...
Differential localization of LTA synthesis proteins and their
... Using two different S. aureus strains, we show here that LTA is not a surface exposed molecule as often depicted. To further investigate the connection between cell division and LTA synthesis, protein–protein interaction and localization studies were performed. It was found that the three key LTA sy ...
... Using two different S. aureus strains, we show here that LTA is not a surface exposed molecule as often depicted. To further investigate the connection between cell division and LTA synthesis, protein–protein interaction and localization studies were performed. It was found that the three key LTA sy ...
Text S1 Y2H Interactome Mapping The literature was curated to
... validated were provided by PFGRC (Dataset S1). There were 35 additional ORFs provided by PFGRC that contained mutations that were also screened; none of these exhibited interactions with human proteins and they were excluded from subsequent analysis. We anticipated that only a small fraction of the ...
... validated were provided by PFGRC (Dataset S1). There were 35 additional ORFs provided by PFGRC that contained mutations that were also screened; none of these exhibited interactions with human proteins and they were excluded from subsequent analysis. We anticipated that only a small fraction of the ...
The Kip3-Like Kinesin KipB Moves along Microtubules and
... domains grouped them into nine families. In this paper, we characterize KipB as a member of the Kip3 family of microtubule depolymerases. The closest homologues of KipB are Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kip3 and Schizosaccharomyces pombe Klp5 and Klp6, but sequence similarities outside the motor domain a ...
... domains grouped them into nine families. In this paper, we characterize KipB as a member of the Kip3 family of microtubule depolymerases. The closest homologues of KipB are Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kip3 and Schizosaccharomyces pombe Klp5 and Klp6, but sequence similarities outside the motor domain a ...
Formation Costimulation in Immunological Synapse Live
... of costimulation involves B7 molecules (CD80 and CD86) on APC and their receptor on T cells, CD28. Numerous studies have shown that B7/CD28 ligation enhances proliferation and IL-2 secretion by CD4⫹ T cells (13, 14). CD28 engagement is linked to cytoskeletal rearrangements upon TCR ligation (5, 15), ...
... of costimulation involves B7 molecules (CD80 and CD86) on APC and their receptor on T cells, CD28. Numerous studies have shown that B7/CD28 ligation enhances proliferation and IL-2 secretion by CD4⫹ T cells (13, 14). CD28 engagement is linked to cytoskeletal rearrangements upon TCR ligation (5, 15), ...
"Fluorescence Spectrophotometry". In: Encyclopedia of Life Science
... can also be quantified based on polarization measurement. The most common application of fluorescence polarization spectroscopy is the monitoring of protein–ligand binding and oligomerization. The combination of lifetime and polarization measurements allows the quantification of rotational rate and has ...
... can also be quantified based on polarization measurement. The most common application of fluorescence polarization spectroscopy is the monitoring of protein–ligand binding and oligomerization. The combination of lifetime and polarization measurements allows the quantification of rotational rate and has ...
Methods for measuring rates of protein binding to insoluble scaffolds
... Understanding of cell regulation is limited by our inability to measure molecular binding rates for proteins within the structural context of living cells, and many systems biology models are hindered because they use values obtained with molecules binding in solution. Here, we present a kinetic ana ...
... Understanding of cell regulation is limited by our inability to measure molecular binding rates for proteins within the structural context of living cells, and many systems biology models are hindered because they use values obtained with molecules binding in solution. Here, we present a kinetic ana ...
Additional Methods_Office2004
... provided to the microscope at 405 nm (Sharp laser diode, Thorlabs), 488 nm (Sapphire 488, Coherent) and 561 nm (Sapphire 561, Coherent) using beamcombining dichroics. In order to measure photoswitching, photoconversion, and bleaching, sequences of light pulses were delivered to the sample, cycling b ...
... provided to the microscope at 405 nm (Sharp laser diode, Thorlabs), 488 nm (Sapphire 488, Coherent) and 561 nm (Sapphire 561, Coherent) using beamcombining dichroics. In order to measure photoswitching, photoconversion, and bleaching, sequences of light pulses were delivered to the sample, cycling b ...
Introduction to Fluorescence Techniques
... Fluorophore–Fluorophore Interactions Fluorescence quenching can be defined as a bimolecular process that reduces the fluorescence quantum yield without changing the fluorescence emission spectrum; it can result from transient excited-state interactions (collisional quenching) or from formation of no ...
... Fluorophore–Fluorophore Interactions Fluorescence quenching can be defined as a bimolecular process that reduces the fluorescence quantum yield without changing the fluorescence emission spectrum; it can result from transient excited-state interactions (collisional quenching) or from formation of no ...
The importance of the five phosphoribosyl
... growth were fixed in formaldehyde\methanol exactly as described by Wente et al. (1992). Antisera AK39 (peptide 1) and AK41 (peptide 2), described by Carter et al. (1997), were pre-adsorbed onto fixed cells and subsequently used at a 1 : 2700 (AK39) and a 1 : 900 (AK41) dilution. Binding of AK39 or A ...
... growth were fixed in formaldehyde\methanol exactly as described by Wente et al. (1992). Antisera AK39 (peptide 1) and AK41 (peptide 2), described by Carter et al. (1997), were pre-adsorbed onto fixed cells and subsequently used at a 1 : 2700 (AK39) and a 1 : 900 (AK41) dilution. Binding of AK39 or A ...
The Use of Multiple Transcription Starts Causes the Dual Targeting
... Fig. 3 Determination of two transcription initiation sites of the Arabidopsis PMDAR. (A) The positions of primers designed to amplify the fragments containing the transcription initiation site of PMDAR-L and PMDAR-S. The first PCR was performed with the primer sets of 1RC (see B) and R-1. For the ne ...
... Fig. 3 Determination of two transcription initiation sites of the Arabidopsis PMDAR. (A) The positions of primers designed to amplify the fragments containing the transcription initiation site of PMDAR-L and PMDAR-S. The first PCR was performed with the primer sets of 1RC (see B) and R-1. For the ne ...
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy
... Whereas light microscopy initiated our understanding of cellular structure and the associated function, molecular biological studies over the past few decades have shown that cellular events, such as signal transduction and gene transcription, require the assembly of proteins into specific macromole ...
... Whereas light microscopy initiated our understanding of cellular structure and the associated function, molecular biological studies over the past few decades have shown that cellular events, such as signal transduction and gene transcription, require the assembly of proteins into specific macromole ...
The Arabidopsis sku6-spiral1 gene encodes a plus end
... (GM) that was tilted 408 from the vertical, growth of spr1-6 roots skewed in a rightward direction as viewed from above the agar surface, whereas wild-type Col roots grew straight downward (Figures 1A and 1B). Close examination of spr1-6 roots revealed that the epidermal cell files twisted much more ...
... (GM) that was tilted 408 from the vertical, growth of spr1-6 roots skewed in a rightward direction as viewed from above the agar surface, whereas wild-type Col roots grew straight downward (Figures 1A and 1B). Close examination of spr1-6 roots revealed that the epidermal cell files twisted much more ...
Non-human Primate Schlafen11 Inhibits Production of Both
... Recently, Schlafen11 (encoded by the SLFN11 gene) was shown to restrict HIV-1 replication at the step of protein translation [15]. Interestingly, Schlafen11 was reported to block translation of viral but not host proteins. This was shown to be related to the different patterns of codon usage observe ...
... Recently, Schlafen11 (encoded by the SLFN11 gene) was shown to restrict HIV-1 replication at the step of protein translation [15]. Interestingly, Schlafen11 was reported to block translation of viral but not host proteins. This was shown to be related to the different patterns of codon usage observe ...
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... by blocking splice site acceptors or donors, often resulting in nonfunctional proteins (Bill et al., 2009). Recently, different modified oligonucleotides were reported that temporarily block the binding capability of MOs (Deiters et al., 2010; Shestopalov and Chen, 2010). Furthermore, chemical subst ...
... by blocking splice site acceptors or donors, often resulting in nonfunctional proteins (Bill et al., 2009). Recently, different modified oligonucleotides were reported that temporarily block the binding capability of MOs (Deiters et al., 2010; Shestopalov and Chen, 2010). Furthermore, chemical subst ...
Green fluorescent protein
The green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a protein composed of 238 amino acid residues (26.9 kDa) that exhibits bright green fluorescence when exposed to light in the blue to ultraviolet range. Although many other marine organisms have similar green fluorescent proteins, GFP traditionally refers to the protein first isolated from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria. The GFP from A. victoria has a major excitation peak at a wavelength of 395 nm and a minor one at 475 nm. Its emission peak is at 509 nm, which is in the lower green portion of the visible spectrum. The fluorescence quantum yield (QY) of GFP is 0.79. The GFP from the sea pansy (Renilla reniformis) has a single major excitation peak at 498 nm.In cell and molecular biology, the GFP gene is frequently used as a reporter of expression. In modified forms it has been used to make biosensors, and many animals have been created that express GFP as a proof-of-concept that a gene can be expressed throughout a given organism. The GFP gene can be introduced into organisms and maintained in their genome through breeding, injection with a viral vector, or cell transformation. To date, the GFP gene has been introduced and expressed in many Bacteria, Yeast and other Fungi, fish (such as zebrafish), plant, fly, and mammalian cells, including human. Martin Chalfie, Osamu Shimomura, and Roger Y. Tsien were awarded the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry on 10 October 2008 for their discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein.