Predictions not commands: active inference in the motor system
... error. We discuss how active inference could have important implications for the organisation of the motor system, and illustrate the implicit mechanisms using the classical ‘knee-jerk’ reflex. The active inference view differs from the conventional (computational) views of motor control in conceptu ...
... error. We discuss how active inference could have important implications for the organisation of the motor system, and illustrate the implicit mechanisms using the classical ‘knee-jerk’ reflex. The active inference view differs from the conventional (computational) views of motor control in conceptu ...
Functional neuroanatomy of the primate isocortical motor system
... over time: Brodmann (1909) defined two areas, whereas seven areas can be found in the map by Matelli et al. (1985, 1991). This is certainly due to the more sensitive ...
... over time: Brodmann (1909) defined two areas, whereas seven areas can be found in the map by Matelli et al. (1985, 1991). This is certainly due to the more sensitive ...
Review Mitochondrial movement and positioning in axons
... characterized by the transient presence of one or more filopodia at the site of bead–axon contact, and beads that never induced any filopodia were not considered; (3) only neurons that had a single bead contacting the axon at least 100·µm away from both the growth cone and cell body were considered. ...
... characterized by the transient presence of one or more filopodia at the site of bead–axon contact, and beads that never induced any filopodia were not considered; (3) only neurons that had a single bead contacting the axon at least 100·µm away from both the growth cone and cell body were considered. ...
cortical input to the basal forebrain
... have been reinforced. It has been proposed68 that cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain receive information on the expected availability of reinforcement through afferent inputs from the orbitofrontal cortex. Through their widespread corticopetal projections the cholinergic neurons may then be ...
... have been reinforced. It has been proposed68 that cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain receive information on the expected availability of reinforcement through afferent inputs from the orbitofrontal cortex. Through their widespread corticopetal projections the cholinergic neurons may then be ...
Information Processing in the Rostral Solitary Nucleus: Modulation
... Victor & Di Lorenzo, 2011), a particular firing frequency in an individual neuron may result from a low concentration of an effective stimulus or a high concentration of a less effective stimulus. If the brain encodes taste using a labeled line code, this ambiguity results in taste quality being con ...
... Victor & Di Lorenzo, 2011), a particular firing frequency in an individual neuron may result from a low concentration of an effective stimulus or a high concentration of a less effective stimulus. If the brain encodes taste using a labeled line code, this ambiguity results in taste quality being con ...
Statistics and geometry of orientation selectivity in primary visual
... response would be the strongest, if an elongated visual stimulus was properly located at an orientation such that the neuron is optimally activated by the bar, but not inhibited by the central inhibitory population. This geometric arrangement also determines the OS maps on the cortical surface (Fig. ...
... response would be the strongest, if an elongated visual stimulus was properly located at an orientation such that the neuron is optimally activated by the bar, but not inhibited by the central inhibitory population. This geometric arrangement also determines the OS maps on the cortical surface (Fig. ...
Axonal Dopamine Receptors Activate Peripheral Spike
... (STG) has peripheral spike initiation zones at a considerable distance from its target muscles that generate prolonged tonic spiking in the presence of serotonin in response to centrally generated bursts (Meyrand et al., 1992). In this case, the serotonin-sensitive peripheral spike-initiation zone i ...
... (STG) has peripheral spike initiation zones at a considerable distance from its target muscles that generate prolonged tonic spiking in the presence of serotonin in response to centrally generated bursts (Meyrand et al., 1992). In this case, the serotonin-sensitive peripheral spike-initiation zone i ...
Different adrenal sympathetic preganglionic
... would include those with axons in the adrenal nerve, were previously divided into four groups on the basis of the patterns and latencies of their responses to RVLM stimulation (37). The antidromically identified adrenal SPNs in the present study exhibited RVLM stimulusevoked responses characteristic ...
... would include those with axons in the adrenal nerve, were previously divided into four groups on the basis of the patterns and latencies of their responses to RVLM stimulation (37). The antidromically identified adrenal SPNs in the present study exhibited RVLM stimulusevoked responses characteristic ...
The Optic Tectum in Fishes
... Microelectrodes may also pick up action potentials indicative of individual neurons in tectum. If such units are visually responsive, their receptive fields generally differ from the relatively small, retinotopically ordered MURFs of superficial tectum, instead taking a bewildering variety of forms. ...
... Microelectrodes may also pick up action potentials indicative of individual neurons in tectum. If such units are visually responsive, their receptive fields generally differ from the relatively small, retinotopically ordered MURFs of superficial tectum, instead taking a bewildering variety of forms. ...
Jesús Pujol Martí Neural map organization and development in the lateral-line system
... sensory stimuli and that are thought to be essential to interpret the external world. I used the lateral-line system of the zebrafish larva as a model to study sensory neural map organization and development. Lateralis (lateral-line) sensory neurons organize a topographic neural map, called somatoto ...
... sensory stimuli and that are thought to be essential to interpret the external world. I used the lateral-line system of the zebrafish larva as a model to study sensory neural map organization and development. Lateralis (lateral-line) sensory neurons organize a topographic neural map, called somatoto ...
Non-NMDA and NMDA receptors transmit area postrema input to
... medulla above the fourth ventricle, the AP is well suited for this modulatory function: it lacks a complete blood-brain barrier, making it accessible to circulating substances with cardiovascular-related actions, including angiotensin II, vasopressin, and endothelin (9, 10, 19, 34), and it sends pro ...
... medulla above the fourth ventricle, the AP is well suited for this modulatory function: it lacks a complete blood-brain barrier, making it accessible to circulating substances with cardiovascular-related actions, including angiotensin II, vasopressin, and endothelin (9, 10, 19, 34), and it sends pro ...
PDF version - Richard Andersen
... and S. These basic phases are common to neurons of both areas range was similar to that of LIP, typically the LS latencies were LIP and 7a. In each phase (LS, M, and S), individual neurons may or may not be active. Most LIP neurons, however, are active in longer (median 160 ms). 12. In summary, area ...
... and S. These basic phases are common to neurons of both areas range was similar to that of LIP, typically the LS latencies were LIP and 7a. In each phase (LS, M, and S), individual neurons may or may not be active. Most LIP neurons, however, are active in longer (median 160 ms). 12. In summary, area ...
Dokument_1
... TRH injections were localized in the POM area below [ 3 H}[3-methyl-His2]thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) into medial the anterior commissure, 0.3-0.8 mm left from the third preoptic nuc)eus (POM). A and B: coronal section through forebrain ventricle. Six glutamate injections and seven TRH injec- ...
... TRH injections were localized in the POM area below [ 3 H}[3-methyl-His2]thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) into medial the anterior commissure, 0.3-0.8 mm left from the third preoptic nuc)eus (POM). A and B: coronal section through forebrain ventricle. Six glutamate injections and seven TRH injec- ...
Structural Changes in AMPA-Receptive Neurons in the Nucleus of
... pressure to homeostatic values. Although the underlying of hypertension is likely to be heterogeneous, at least some forms of hypertension may be caused by, or lead to, dysfunction within the central baroreceptor reflex arc.4,5 Functional changes in properties of NTS neurons as well as altered blood ...
... pressure to homeostatic values. Although the underlying of hypertension is likely to be heterogeneous, at least some forms of hypertension may be caused by, or lead to, dysfunction within the central baroreceptor reflex arc.4,5 Functional changes in properties of NTS neurons as well as altered blood ...
Expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating
... pregnancy and are regulated, in part, by estrogen. These neuropep- tides act as transmitters both in the spinal cord and cervix. The present study was under- taken to determine the expression pattern of the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) in the cervix and its ner ...
... pregnancy and are regulated, in part, by estrogen. These neuropep- tides act as transmitters both in the spinal cord and cervix. The present study was under- taken to determine the expression pattern of the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) in the cervix and its ner ...
Propagation of Epileptiform Events across the Corpus Callosum in a
... software (Mathworks, MA) and finite impulse response filtering (FIR filtering). In addition, 60 Hz noise and their harmonics were minimized by notch filtering with Butterworth algorithms in Matlab. IHLs were measured from the high pass filtered recordings using the crossing of a set amplitude thresh ...
... software (Mathworks, MA) and finite impulse response filtering (FIR filtering). In addition, 60 Hz noise and their harmonics were minimized by notch filtering with Butterworth algorithms in Matlab. IHLs were measured from the high pass filtered recordings using the crossing of a set amplitude thresh ...
table of contents
... inorganic phosphate, Pi) can also contribute to fatigue. While Pi is a positive regulator of glycolytic activity (99), due to several different mechanisms, the accumulation of phosphate can be detrimental to force development and, therefore, contribute to the development of fatigue. Firstly, Pi may ...
... inorganic phosphate, Pi) can also contribute to fatigue. While Pi is a positive regulator of glycolytic activity (99), due to several different mechanisms, the accumulation of phosphate can be detrimental to force development and, therefore, contribute to the development of fatigue. Firstly, Pi may ...
Neural Control of Movement: Motor Neuron Subtypes
... In direct contact with the spinal cord is also the motor cortex. This structure is involved in the conscious control of movement. The direct connection to the spinal cord is used to directly modulate movements. The motor cortex is also involved in the planning of movements. To accomplish these funct ...
... In direct contact with the spinal cord is also the motor cortex. This structure is involved in the conscious control of movement. The direct connection to the spinal cord is used to directly modulate movements. The motor cortex is also involved in the planning of movements. To accomplish these funct ...
A Subjective Distance Between Stimuli: Quantifying the Metric
... considered subjectively equal. The equality of qi and q j , in addition, is not equivalent to a high confusion probability between the two of them. If stimulus i is always perceived as stimulus j and vice versa, then, taking s i and s j as representing the first and second components, respectively, ...
... considered subjectively equal. The equality of qi and q j , in addition, is not equivalent to a high confusion probability between the two of them. If stimulus i is always perceived as stimulus j and vice versa, then, taking s i and s j as representing the first and second components, respectively, ...
Projections of the median raphe nucleus in the rat
... the autoradiographic technique. Although our report described projections to these regions, it also was incomplete in that certain areas of the brain were omitted, significantly, the brainstem and neocortex. In essence then, although several reports have examined MR projections, none have described ...
... the autoradiographic technique. Although our report described projections to these regions, it also was incomplete in that certain areas of the brain were omitted, significantly, the brainstem and neocortex. In essence then, although several reports have examined MR projections, none have described ...
The Influence of Autonomic Dysfunction Associated with Aging and
... associated with local heat is a biphasic response. There are 2 pathways involved. When heat above 42◦ C is applied to the skin, it immediately (phase 1) responds with a rapid increase in circulation. This increase in circulation is mediated by skin sensory nerves. The sensory nerves release substanc ...
... associated with local heat is a biphasic response. There are 2 pathways involved. When heat above 42◦ C is applied to the skin, it immediately (phase 1) responds with a rapid increase in circulation. This increase in circulation is mediated by skin sensory nerves. The sensory nerves release substanc ...
Convergence, Divergence, Pupillary Reactions and
... his paper, it is assumed that these convergence movements were obtained after cutting the external rectus in each eye. Leyton and Sherrington ('17) obtained convergence of the eyeballs in the chimpanzee and the gibbon from unilateral stimulation in the frontal eye field. On one occasion, Rasmussen a ...
... his paper, it is assumed that these convergence movements were obtained after cutting the external rectus in each eye. Leyton and Sherrington ('17) obtained convergence of the eyeballs in the chimpanzee and the gibbon from unilateral stimulation in the frontal eye field. On one occasion, Rasmussen a ...
chapter 9_lecture - Leland Public Schools
... The brain can be divided into the cerebrum (largest portion and associated with higher mental functions), the diencephalon (processes sensory input), the cerebellum (coordinates muscular activity), and the brain stem (coordinates and regulates visceral activities). ...
... The brain can be divided into the cerebrum (largest portion and associated with higher mental functions), the diencephalon (processes sensory input), the cerebellum (coordinates muscular activity), and the brain stem (coordinates and regulates visceral activities). ...
Spinal sympathetic interneurons: Their identification and roles after
... preganglionic neurons multisynaptically via spinal sympathetic interneurons. Finally, spinal sympathetic interneurons are more likely to be excited and less likely to be inhibited by both noxious and innocuous somatic stimuli after chronic spinal transection. The onset of this hyperexcitability corr ...
... preganglionic neurons multisynaptically via spinal sympathetic interneurons. Finally, spinal sympathetic interneurons are more likely to be excited and less likely to be inhibited by both noxious and innocuous somatic stimuli after chronic spinal transection. The onset of this hyperexcitability corr ...
Microneurography
Microneurography is a neurophysiological method employed by scientists to visualize and record the normal traffic of nerve impulses that are conducted in peripheral nerves of waking human subjects. The method has been successfully employed to reveal functional properties of a number of neural systems, e.g. sensory systems related to touch, pain, and muscle sense as well as sympathetic activity controlling the constriction state of blood vessels. To study nerve impulses of an identified neural system, a fine tungsten needle electrode is inserted into the nerve and connected to a high gain recording amplifier. The exact position of the electrode tip within the nerve is then adjusted in minute steps until the electrode discriminates impulses of the neural system of interest. A unique feature and a significant strength of the microneurography method is that subjects are fully awake and able to cooperate in tests requiring mental attention, while impulses in a representative nerve fibre or set of nerve fibres are recorded, e.g. when cutaneous sense organs are stimulated or subjects perform voluntary precision movements.