Neural constraints on learning
... easier to learn than others1,2, we asked if some neural activity patterns are easier to generate than others. Here we investigate whether an existing network constrains the patterns that a subset of its neurons is capable of exhibiting, and if so, what principles define this constraint. We employed ...
... easier to learn than others1,2, we asked if some neural activity patterns are easier to generate than others. Here we investigate whether an existing network constrains the patterns that a subset of its neurons is capable of exhibiting, and if so, what principles define this constraint. We employed ...
From Thought to Action
... neuron or network, and "communication" when described as occuring between neurons or networks. These word choices have inspired the analysis of neural systems in analogy to computation and data transmission problems. A spike generates a transient millivolt or picoampere surge in a measurement electr ...
... neuron or network, and "communication" when described as occuring between neurons or networks. These word choices have inspired the analysis of neural systems in analogy to computation and data transmission problems. A spike generates a transient millivolt or picoampere surge in a measurement electr ...
Bridging Areas of Injury in the Spinal Cord
... gap of 5 or 10 mm (Richardson and others 1980). After 3 to 4 months, tracing demonstrated that fibers grow into and across the implant from both stumps. A mean of 5850 myelinated axons are found in the graft if the nearby dorsal roots are avulsed. Regenerated fibers do not leave the graft, and corti ...
... gap of 5 or 10 mm (Richardson and others 1980). After 3 to 4 months, tracing demonstrated that fibers grow into and across the implant from both stumps. A mean of 5850 myelinated axons are found in the graft if the nearby dorsal roots are avulsed. Regenerated fibers do not leave the graft, and corti ...
Column-Based Model of Electric Field Excitation of Cerebral Cortex
... induced by TMS and that induced by finger movement both relative to sulcal anatomy and relative to standardized coordinates. A group SPI(z) (n ⫽ 11) was created for the finger-movement condition (vs. control), which showed a very robust response in the M1-hand region for finger movement. The group-mean ...
... induced by TMS and that induced by finger movement both relative to sulcal anatomy and relative to standardized coordinates. A group SPI(z) (n ⫽ 11) was created for the finger-movement condition (vs. control), which showed a very robust response in the M1-hand region for finger movement. The group-mean ...
Fein A (2012) Nociceptors and the Perception of Pain.
... following application of the voltage pulse, the conduction velocity can easily be calculated. Many of the afferent (sensory) neurons isolated in this way respond to lowintensity mechanical or thermal stimulation, that is, stimuli that in individuals evoke an innocuous or non-painful sensation. In ad ...
... following application of the voltage pulse, the conduction velocity can easily be calculated. Many of the afferent (sensory) neurons isolated in this way respond to lowintensity mechanical or thermal stimulation, that is, stimuli that in individuals evoke an innocuous or non-painful sensation. In ad ...
Voluntary Movement: The Primary Motor Cortex
... It was not until later in the 19th century, however, when improved anesthesia and aseptic surgical techniques allowed direct experimental study of the cerebral cortex in live subjects, that conclusive experimental evidence for a discrete region of the cerebral cortex devoted to motor function was po ...
... It was not until later in the 19th century, however, when improved anesthesia and aseptic surgical techniques allowed direct experimental study of the cerebral cortex in live subjects, that conclusive experimental evidence for a discrete region of the cerebral cortex devoted to motor function was po ...
amygdala projections to central amygdaloid nucleus subdivisions
... amygdala (CeN) is most known for its role in responses to fear stimuli. Recent evidence also shows that the CeN is required for directing attention and behaviors when the salience of competing stimuli is in flux. To examine how information flows through this key output region of the primate amygdala ...
... amygdala (CeN) is most known for its role in responses to fear stimuli. Recent evidence also shows that the CeN is required for directing attention and behaviors when the salience of competing stimuli is in flux. To examine how information flows through this key output region of the primate amygdala ...
Effect of PACAP in Central and Peripheral Nerve Injuries
... PACAP is widely expressed in the embryonic brain at the onset of neurogenesis and it is strongly upregulated in several models of neuronal injuries [29]. Regeneration of the nervous system after injury is likely to require reemployment of mechanisms used to regulate brain development in the embryoni ...
... PACAP is widely expressed in the embryonic brain at the onset of neurogenesis and it is strongly upregulated in several models of neuronal injuries [29]. Regeneration of the nervous system after injury is likely to require reemployment of mechanisms used to regulate brain development in the embryoni ...
Somatosensory processes subserving perception and action
... finding suggests that neural processing is related to what the information is processed for (e.g., perception) rather than the stimulus characteristics. Thus, it is consistent with the idea that the purpose is at least as important when discussing the neural basis of sensory processing. Indeed, cert ...
... finding suggests that neural processing is related to what the information is processed for (e.g., perception) rather than the stimulus characteristics. Thus, it is consistent with the idea that the purpose is at least as important when discussing the neural basis of sensory processing. Indeed, cert ...
Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are
... The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) receives dense terminations from cranial visceral afferents, including those from the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Although the NTS integrates peripheral satiety signals and relays this signal to central feeding centers, little is known about which NTS neurons a ...
... The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) receives dense terminations from cranial visceral afferents, including those from the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Although the NTS integrates peripheral satiety signals and relays this signal to central feeding centers, little is known about which NTS neurons a ...
Primate Frontal Eye Fields. II. Physiological and Anatomical
... In the present study we first analyzed the activity of single neurons, classifying their activity and determining their response fields. We then electrically stimulated through the recording microelectrode to examine whether the properties of neurons were correlated with the eye movements evoked by ...
... In the present study we first analyzed the activity of single neurons, classifying their activity and determining their response fields. We then electrically stimulated through the recording microelectrode to examine whether the properties of neurons were correlated with the eye movements evoked by ...
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e
... B) form a lipid-protein (lipoprotein) cell membrane on the outside of axons C) transmit nerve impulses from the skin and organs to the central nervous system D) connect motor and sensory neurons in their pathways E) detect the amount of stretch in skeletal muscles or tendons and their joints Answer: ...
... B) form a lipid-protein (lipoprotein) cell membrane on the outside of axons C) transmit nerve impulses from the skin and organs to the central nervous system D) connect motor and sensory neurons in their pathways E) detect the amount of stretch in skeletal muscles or tendons and their joints Answer: ...
The Differential Role of Motor Cortex in Stretch Reflex Modulation
... was marked on the scalp, and coil position was visually monitored by the operator during each experiment. For all three experiments the stimulation intensity used before muscle stretch perturbations was determined as the intensity at which a 150 ms period EMG silence (as measured from the stimulus t ...
... was marked on the scalp, and coil position was visually monitored by the operator during each experiment. For all three experiments the stimulation intensity used before muscle stretch perturbations was determined as the intensity at which a 150 ms period EMG silence (as measured from the stimulus t ...
Control of breathing by interacting pontine and
... As in other CPGs, afferent feedbacks are involved in the control of the mammalian respiratory CPG and the generation and shaping of the breathing pattern. Many peripheral mechano- and chemo-sensory afferents, including those from the lungs, tracheobronchial tree and carotid bifurcation, provide feed ...
... As in other CPGs, afferent feedbacks are involved in the control of the mammalian respiratory CPG and the generation and shaping of the breathing pattern. Many peripheral mechano- and chemo-sensory afferents, including those from the lungs, tracheobronchial tree and carotid bifurcation, provide feed ...
Proceedings2010
... We are pleased to welcome you at the 2010 Ljubljana Symposium on Clinical Neurophysiology with the 26th Dr Janez Faganel Memorial Lecture, dedicated to Vision and Eye Movements. It may be of some interest to note that (electrophysiology of) vision is the symposium topic for the second time in the li ...
... We are pleased to welcome you at the 2010 Ljubljana Symposium on Clinical Neurophysiology with the 26th Dr Janez Faganel Memorial Lecture, dedicated to Vision and Eye Movements. It may be of some interest to note that (electrophysiology of) vision is the symposium topic for the second time in the li ...
Applications of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve State-of-the-Art Update
... The patients who used TENS for postoperative pain control required 30 times less pain medication than did those in the control group. Improved pulmonary function, appetite, and ambulation indicated an earlier recovery for those patients who used TENS than for those patients who did not. Because the ...
... The patients who used TENS for postoperative pain control required 30 times less pain medication than did those in the control group. Improved pulmonary function, appetite, and ambulation indicated an earlier recovery for those patients who used TENS than for those patients who did not. Because the ...
Document
... mechanisms of acupuncture involve the spinal cord grey matter, hypothalamic-pituitary axis, midbrain periaqueductal grey matter, medulla oblongata, limbic system, cerebral cortex, and autonomic nervous system. Electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation of these sites results in activation of descending pat ...
... mechanisms of acupuncture involve the spinal cord grey matter, hypothalamic-pituitary axis, midbrain periaqueductal grey matter, medulla oblongata, limbic system, cerebral cortex, and autonomic nervous system. Electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation of these sites results in activation of descending pat ...
synaptic connections made by axons
... Ebendal, 1982; Heumann et al. 1987a,b), and critical surface molecules (Carbonetto et al. 1987; Reichardt et al. 1989). The impressive regrowth that follows peripheral nerve transection, however, often leads to no significant recovery of useful function (Mackel et al. 1983), presumably because many ...
... Ebendal, 1982; Heumann et al. 1987a,b), and critical surface molecules (Carbonetto et al. 1987; Reichardt et al. 1989). The impressive regrowth that follows peripheral nerve transection, however, often leads to no significant recovery of useful function (Mackel et al. 1983), presumably because many ...
The Blood Vessels of the Head and Neck
... The internal jugular vein is remarkably constant in position. It descends through the neck from a point halfway between the tip of the mastoid process and the angle of the jaw to the sternoclavicular joint. Above, it is overlapped by the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and below, ...
... The internal jugular vein is remarkably constant in position. It descends through the neck from a point halfway between the tip of the mastoid process and the angle of the jaw to the sternoclavicular joint. Above, it is overlapped by the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and below, ...
The Vestibular System
... cells in each utricle and inhibits others, according to their orientations (Figure 40–6). In some instances the vestibular input from a receptor may be ambiguous. For example, acceleration signals from the otolith organs do not distinguish between linear acceleration owing to translation and acceler ...
... cells in each utricle and inhibits others, according to their orientations (Figure 40–6). In some instances the vestibular input from a receptor may be ambiguous. For example, acceleration signals from the otolith organs do not distinguish between linear acceleration owing to translation and acceler ...
PDF
... measured in micrographs (Image J). At least three segments were independently measured from each embryo. Calculating the ratio of the segment occupied by staining allowed us to compensate for differences in embryo size or warping (stretching or compaction) during sectioning. The average proportion w ...
... measured in micrographs (Image J). At least three segments were independently measured from each embryo. Calculating the ratio of the segment occupied by staining allowed us to compensate for differences in embryo size or warping (stretching or compaction) during sectioning. The average proportion w ...
Triggered activity due to delayed afterdepolarizations in - AJP
... suggests local, functional block of activation. Isochrones were calculated and drawn by hand. VT mechanisms were standard and defined as described elsewhere (1, 2, 36), including focal VT occurring when the electrode recording the earliest SOO was surrounded on six sides by other electrodes within 1 ...
... suggests local, functional block of activation. Isochrones were calculated and drawn by hand. VT mechanisms were standard and defined as described elsewhere (1, 2, 36), including focal VT occurring when the electrode recording the earliest SOO was surrounded on six sides by other electrodes within 1 ...
salivary gland
... Gland is divided by the facial nerve into a superficial & deep lobe. The superficial lobe, is lateral to the facial nerve while deep lobe is medial and lies within the parapharyngeal space. Most benign neoplasm are found within the superficial lobe & can be treated with superficial parotidectomy. Tu ...
... Gland is divided by the facial nerve into a superficial & deep lobe. The superficial lobe, is lateral to the facial nerve while deep lobe is medial and lies within the parapharyngeal space. Most benign neoplasm are found within the superficial lobe & can be treated with superficial parotidectomy. Tu ...
The precision of value-based choices depends causally on
... choice alternatives3,4, compute and compare the values for the different options based on sensory and mnemonic information3–5 and adequately map these value computations to the appropriate actions6. Candidate brain areas that assign and compare values include the medial–prefrontal and parietal corte ...
... choice alternatives3,4, compute and compare the values for the different options based on sensory and mnemonic information3–5 and adequately map these value computations to the appropriate actions6. Candidate brain areas that assign and compare values include the medial–prefrontal and parietal corte ...
Response Properties of Neighboring Neurons in the
... anatomical arrangement such as the layered structure of the neocortex, the complex circuitry of the cerebellum, or the laminar structure of the cochlear nucleus (Kandel et al., 2000), the ability to investigate whether responses are grouped in any functional arrangement spatially offers the opportun ...
... anatomical arrangement such as the layered structure of the neocortex, the complex circuitry of the cerebellum, or the laminar structure of the cochlear nucleus (Kandel et al., 2000), the ability to investigate whether responses are grouped in any functional arrangement spatially offers the opportun ...
Microneurography
Microneurography is a neurophysiological method employed by scientists to visualize and record the normal traffic of nerve impulses that are conducted in peripheral nerves of waking human subjects. The method has been successfully employed to reveal functional properties of a number of neural systems, e.g. sensory systems related to touch, pain, and muscle sense as well as sympathetic activity controlling the constriction state of blood vessels. To study nerve impulses of an identified neural system, a fine tungsten needle electrode is inserted into the nerve and connected to a high gain recording amplifier. The exact position of the electrode tip within the nerve is then adjusted in minute steps until the electrode discriminates impulses of the neural system of interest. A unique feature and a significant strength of the microneurography method is that subjects are fully awake and able to cooperate in tests requiring mental attention, while impulses in a representative nerve fibre or set of nerve fibres are recorded, e.g. when cutaneous sense organs are stimulated or subjects perform voluntary precision movements.