The Olfactory–Limbic System and Multiple Chemical
... Deeper in the olfactory bulb, the second area of interneurons is found. Here interneurons called granular cells, in a similar fashion, also synapse with both mitral and tufted cells. However, this is done outside the glomerulus further along the axons of the mitral and tufted cells. Granular cells ...
... Deeper in the olfactory bulb, the second area of interneurons is found. Here interneurons called granular cells, in a similar fashion, also synapse with both mitral and tufted cells. However, this is done outside the glomerulus further along the axons of the mitral and tufted cells. Granular cells ...
spinal nerve - Napa Valley College
... Organized in columns Containing axon bundles with specific functions ...
... Organized in columns Containing axon bundles with specific functions ...
Central and peripheral chemoreceptors evoke distinct responses in
... neurons of the medullary ventrolateral respiratory column (VRC), dorsolateral pons (PRG) and raphé nuclei. Midline raphé neurons are proposed to be elements of a distributed brainstem system of central chemoreceptors, as well as modulators of central chemoreceptors at other sites, including the re ...
... neurons of the medullary ventrolateral respiratory column (VRC), dorsolateral pons (PRG) and raphé nuclei. Midline raphé neurons are proposed to be elements of a distributed brainstem system of central chemoreceptors, as well as modulators of central chemoreceptors at other sites, including the re ...
Seventeen
... behind the incisor teeth. Activity of the sympathetic nervous system causes constriction of the blood vessels of the vomeronasal organ, making the connective tissue layer thinner because it contains less blood. The resulting enlargement of the lumen sucks in tiny drops of liquid that have been eithe ...
... behind the incisor teeth. Activity of the sympathetic nervous system causes constriction of the blood vessels of the vomeronasal organ, making the connective tissue layer thinner because it contains less blood. The resulting enlargement of the lumen sucks in tiny drops of liquid that have been eithe ...
Neck Muscle Responses to Stimulation of Monkey Superior
... and 1,500 ms. SC stimulation (variable duration, described in the following text) was delivered on 80 –90% of all trials between 500 and 1,000 ms after the onset of fixation. Stimulation was delivered either while the FP remained visible (fixation trials; 40 – 45% of all trials) or 200 ms after the ...
... and 1,500 ms. SC stimulation (variable duration, described in the following text) was delivered on 80 –90% of all trials between 500 and 1,000 ms after the onset of fixation. Stimulation was delivered either while the FP remained visible (fixation trials; 40 – 45% of all trials) or 200 ms after the ...
1 OSCILLATORY ENTRAINMENT OF THALAMIC NEURONS BY
... diameter electrode (100µm) in the guide cannula. The intracranial length of all electrodes was ...
... diameter electrode (100µm) in the guide cannula. The intracranial length of all electrodes was ...
cellular mechanisms of classical and operant conditioning A model
... movements in response to inedible or distasteful objects taken into the buccal cavity (Morton and Chiel 1993a). During rejection, the two halves of the radula are closed as the odontophore protracts toward the mouth and they are open as the odontophore retracts, which ejects the inedible object from ...
... movements in response to inedible or distasteful objects taken into the buccal cavity (Morton and Chiel 1993a). During rejection, the two halves of the radula are closed as the odontophore protracts toward the mouth and they are open as the odontophore retracts, which ejects the inedible object from ...
How Do Short-Term Changes at Synapses Fine
... of ions, molecules, and membranes as part of the signaling event, as well as during recovery from a signaling event. These mechanistic constraints limit the time scale at which synaptic transmission can function and dynamically alter the amplitudes of synaptic responses in ways that depend on recent ...
... of ions, molecules, and membranes as part of the signaling event, as well as during recovery from a signaling event. These mechanistic constraints limit the time scale at which synaptic transmission can function and dynamically alter the amplitudes of synaptic responses in ways that depend on recent ...
Primary open-angle glaucoma
... field. The disease has an adult onset, with open anterior chamber angles of normal appearance and an absence of other known explanations for the change in the optic nerve. If detected early, disease progression can frequently be arrested or slowed with medical and surgical treatment. Assessment of t ...
... field. The disease has an adult onset, with open anterior chamber angles of normal appearance and an absence of other known explanations for the change in the optic nerve. If detected early, disease progression can frequently be arrested or slowed with medical and surgical treatment. Assessment of t ...
Comparative Studies of Hind Limb and Diaphragm Muscles of mdx
... not show obvious functional disability [3, 22], or they express only mild muscle weakness [16, 24], sometimes appearing in the form of muscular tremor and mild movement incoordination in old animals [2]. There were no examinations of dystrophin in mdx diaphragm performed, yet. Although no overt resp ...
... not show obvious functional disability [3, 22], or they express only mild muscle weakness [16, 24], sometimes appearing in the form of muscular tremor and mild movement incoordination in old animals [2]. There were no examinations of dystrophin in mdx diaphragm performed, yet. Although no overt resp ...
Contents
... that the anatomical subdivisions will also provide a key to as yet unrecognized functional areas. That ‘cytoarchitectural differences reflect functional differences’ is a principle accepted now by every neuroanatomist: a cytoarchitectural difference in any nucleus is taken to reflect a functional di ...
... that the anatomical subdivisions will also provide a key to as yet unrecognized functional areas. That ‘cytoarchitectural differences reflect functional differences’ is a principle accepted now by every neuroanatomist: a cytoarchitectural difference in any nucleus is taken to reflect a functional di ...
Receptive Fields and Binaural Interactions for Virtual
... al. 1983; see Irvine 1992 for review). However, free-field studies alone cannot determine which acoustic cues are responsible for this directional sensitivity because they do not allow independent control over each cue. Such control can be achieved in dichotic studies that deliver stimuli through cl ...
... al. 1983; see Irvine 1992 for review). However, free-field studies alone cannot determine which acoustic cues are responsible for this directional sensitivity because they do not allow independent control over each cue. Such control can be achieved in dichotic studies that deliver stimuli through cl ...
ATLAS OF FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY
... University with an honors program in psychology. His first experimental work was with rats that had lesions of the hippocampus, which was then a little-known area of the brain. At that time, Professor Donald Hebb was the chair of the Psychology Department and was gaining prominence for his theory kn ...
... University with an honors program in psychology. His first experimental work was with rats that had lesions of the hippocampus, which was then a little-known area of the brain. At that time, Professor Donald Hebb was the chair of the Psychology Department and was gaining prominence for his theory kn ...
neural projections from nucleus accumbens to globus pallidus
... electrophysiological recordings were made from single neurons in these regions to map the location of units that respond to electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens. Recordings also were made from neurons in dorsal parts of the GP (GPd) before the microelectrode was lowered to the GP, and the ...
... electrophysiological recordings were made from single neurons in these regions to map the location of units that respond to electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens. Recordings also were made from neurons in dorsal parts of the GP (GPd) before the microelectrode was lowered to the GP, and the ...
Vestibular System: The Many Facets of a
... 2000), quantitative levels of sensorimotor processing were established. Using this approach, studies in reduced or in-vitro preparations have provided important insights into the functional circuitry, intrinsic electrophysiology, and signal ...
... 2000), quantitative levels of sensorimotor processing were established. Using this approach, studies in reduced or in-vitro preparations have provided important insights into the functional circuitry, intrinsic electrophysiology, and signal ...
The Spinal Interneurons and Properties of
... transferred to 10 M ␣-bungarotoxin saline. After immobilization, the tadpole was repinned so that skin and muscles over the right side of the spinal cord could be removed. A dorsal cut was then made along the midline of the spinal cord to open the neurocoel and expose neuronal cell bodies. Addition ...
... transferred to 10 M ␣-bungarotoxin saline. After immobilization, the tadpole was repinned so that skin and muscles over the right side of the spinal cord could be removed. A dorsal cut was then made along the midline of the spinal cord to open the neurocoel and expose neuronal cell bodies. Addition ...
Spasticity after stroke: Physiology, assessment and treatment
... syndrome’ (p 485). This description characterizes spasticity during passive movement, but does not take into account its effects on voluntary gestures. In 1994, Young [2] added neurophysiological elements to define spasticity independently of the type of movement: ‘a motor disorder characterized by ...
... syndrome’ (p 485). This description characterizes spasticity during passive movement, but does not take into account its effects on voluntary gestures. In 1994, Young [2] added neurophysiological elements to define spasticity independently of the type of movement: ‘a motor disorder characterized by ...
Cross-modal Circuitry Between Auditory and
... Stein, 1986, 1996). Free-field auditory cues were electronically generated white noise bursts, 100 ms duration, 54–70 dB SPL on ‘A’ level. This stimulus was delivered through a speaker, mounted on 18″ diameter hoop [as also described in previous studies (Meredith and Stein, 1986, 1996)] and was posi ...
... Stein, 1986, 1996). Free-field auditory cues were electronically generated white noise bursts, 100 ms duration, 54–70 dB SPL on ‘A’ level. This stimulus was delivered through a speaker, mounted on 18″ diameter hoop [as also described in previous studies (Meredith and Stein, 1986, 1996)] and was posi ...
Color responses of the human lateral geniculate nucleus: selective
... specialized neurons mainly found in the koniocellular layers of the LGN (Martin et al., 1997; Chatterjee & Callaway, 2003; Dacey & Packer, 2003). LGN imaging provides a unique opportunity because at this thalamic stage the responses of the different chromatic signals are separated whereas at the cor ...
... specialized neurons mainly found in the koniocellular layers of the LGN (Martin et al., 1997; Chatterjee & Callaway, 2003; Dacey & Packer, 2003). LGN imaging provides a unique opportunity because at this thalamic stage the responses of the different chromatic signals are separated whereas at the cor ...
Man to Machine, Applications in Electromyography
... called a motor unit, and are stimulated simultaneously when the motoneuron fires. The muscle fibers of one motor unit are not bundled within a muscle. Rather they are spread throughout the muscle with a relatively uniform distribution. When a series of NAP’s reach the cells of a muscle unit they cau ...
... called a motor unit, and are stimulated simultaneously when the motoneuron fires. The muscle fibers of one motor unit are not bundled within a muscle. Rather they are spread throughout the muscle with a relatively uniform distribution. When a series of NAP’s reach the cells of a muscle unit they cau ...
Selective amplification of the S
... specialized neurons mainly found in the koniocellular layers of the LGN (Martin et al., 1997; Chatterjee & Callaway, 2003; Dacey & Packer, 2003). LGN imaging provides a unique opportunity because at this thalamic stage the responses of the different chromatic signals are separated whereas at the cor ...
... specialized neurons mainly found in the koniocellular layers of the LGN (Martin et al., 1997; Chatterjee & Callaway, 2003; Dacey & Packer, 2003). LGN imaging provides a unique opportunity because at this thalamic stage the responses of the different chromatic signals are separated whereas at the cor ...
Formation of a full complement of cranial proprioceptors requires
... gions of mutant spindles, similar to wild-type spindles at birth (Kozeka and Ontell, 1981). Normal spindle development was further supported by the expression of the spindle-specific slow-developmental myosin heavy-chain (MyHC) isoform in nuclear bag fibers of the residual spindles of mutants (Fig. ...
... gions of mutant spindles, similar to wild-type spindles at birth (Kozeka and Ontell, 1981). Normal spindle development was further supported by the expression of the spindle-specific slow-developmental myosin heavy-chain (MyHC) isoform in nuclear bag fibers of the residual spindles of mutants (Fig. ...
Playing the electric light orchestra—how electrical stimulation of
... such as amblyopia, blindness and visual hallucinations. Prominent methods currently used to investigate the function of visual cortex are often correlational and include neuroimaging, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and electrophysiological techniques, such as single cell neuro ...
... such as amblyopia, blindness and visual hallucinations. Prominent methods currently used to investigate the function of visual cortex are often correlational and include neuroimaging, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and electrophysiological techniques, such as single cell neuro ...
Neuronal control of leech behavior - Emory Biology
... every soma is visible in segmental ganglia. These properties also make optical recording feasible. 5. Long, easily accessible peripheral nerves allow for stimulation of selected neurons and monitoring of neuronal activity with extracellular electrodes. 6. Most relevant electrical parameters can be m ...
... every soma is visible in segmental ganglia. These properties also make optical recording feasible. 5. Long, easily accessible peripheral nerves allow for stimulation of selected neurons and monitoring of neuronal activity with extracellular electrodes. 6. Most relevant electrical parameters can be m ...
Microneurography
Microneurography is a neurophysiological method employed by scientists to visualize and record the normal traffic of nerve impulses that are conducted in peripheral nerves of waking human subjects. The method has been successfully employed to reveal functional properties of a number of neural systems, e.g. sensory systems related to touch, pain, and muscle sense as well as sympathetic activity controlling the constriction state of blood vessels. To study nerve impulses of an identified neural system, a fine tungsten needle electrode is inserted into the nerve and connected to a high gain recording amplifier. The exact position of the electrode tip within the nerve is then adjusted in minute steps until the electrode discriminates impulses of the neural system of interest. A unique feature and a significant strength of the microneurography method is that subjects are fully awake and able to cooperate in tests requiring mental attention, while impulses in a representative nerve fibre or set of nerve fibres are recorded, e.g. when cutaneous sense organs are stimulated or subjects perform voluntary precision movements.