The functional asymmetry of auditory cortex is reflected
... logy probing the circuitry of visual cortex, the first area in which microcircuitry was examined in detail. The introduction of laser scanning photostimulation (LSPS) has made it possible to examine the microcircuitry in other cortical areas with high efficiency. LSPS uses the photorelease of caged ...
... logy probing the circuitry of visual cortex, the first area in which microcircuitry was examined in detail. The introduction of laser scanning photostimulation (LSPS) has made it possible to examine the microcircuitry in other cortical areas with high efficiency. LSPS uses the photorelease of caged ...
Tyrosine Hydroxylase in the Rat Parabrachial Region: Ultrastructural
... axons with TH-I were found within groups of other labeled and unlabeled axons and terminals (Figs. 2C, 4A, 5c). At least 2 types of TH-I terminals were morphologically distinguishable. These 2 types are described separately as they appear in micrographs of single sections; however, they may represen ...
... axons with TH-I were found within groups of other labeled and unlabeled axons and terminals (Figs. 2C, 4A, 5c). At least 2 types of TH-I terminals were morphologically distinguishable. These 2 types are described separately as they appear in micrographs of single sections; however, they may represen ...
Multifunctional Laryngeal Premotor Neurons: Their Activities during
... the ELM and extracellular potential of its premotor neuron during fictive coughing in 7 of 10 pairs. SLN stimulation induced two types of fictive coughing. The laryngeal motor pattern of type A coughing consisted of the fictive inspiratory, compressive, expulsive, and narrowing phases represented as ...
... the ELM and extracellular potential of its premotor neuron during fictive coughing in 7 of 10 pairs. SLN stimulation induced two types of fictive coughing. The laryngeal motor pattern of type A coughing consisted of the fictive inspiratory, compressive, expulsive, and narrowing phases represented as ...
Brain Stem Involvement in Immune and Aversive Challenge Jakob Paues
... Activation of the immune system by e.g. bacteria induces the acute-phase-response and sickness behaviour. The latter encompasses among other things fever, lethargy, anorexia and hyperalgesia. An often used model to study sickness behaviour is the intravenous injection of the gram negative bacterial ...
... Activation of the immune system by e.g. bacteria induces the acute-phase-response and sickness behaviour. The latter encompasses among other things fever, lethargy, anorexia and hyperalgesia. An often used model to study sickness behaviour is the intravenous injection of the gram negative bacterial ...
Lecture VIII. Spinal Cord
... The size of white matter tracts (posterior, lateral and anterior columns) increases as more axons are added on the way TO the brain and decreases as axons end on the way FROM the the brain. September 21, 2009 ...
... The size of white matter tracts (posterior, lateral and anterior columns) increases as more axons are added on the way TO the brain and decreases as axons end on the way FROM the the brain. September 21, 2009 ...
Olfactory modulation by dopamine in the context of aversive learning
... For DA receptor antagonist experiments (see Fig. 8, B and D), moths were injected with either a mixture of 10⫺8 M SCH39166 (a D1 receptor antagonist) and 10⫺8 M L-741,626 (a D2 receptor antagonist) (both from Tocris Bioscience) or vehicle (moth saline) or were not injected. Receptor antagonists were ...
... For DA receptor antagonist experiments (see Fig. 8, B and D), moths were injected with either a mixture of 10⫺8 M SCH39166 (a D1 receptor antagonist) and 10⫺8 M L-741,626 (a D2 receptor antagonist) (both from Tocris Bioscience) or vehicle (moth saline) or were not injected. Receptor antagonists were ...
12-4 Membrane Potential
... the equilibrium potential for K+ o The electrochemical gradient for sodium ions is very large, but the membrane’s permeability to these ions is very low Na+ has only a small effect on the normal resting potential, making it just slightly less negative than the equilibrium potential for K + ...
... the equilibrium potential for K+ o The electrochemical gradient for sodium ions is very large, but the membrane’s permeability to these ions is very low Na+ has only a small effect on the normal resting potential, making it just slightly less negative than the equilibrium potential for K + ...
Control of dopaminergic neuron survival by the unfolded protein
... crucial to the function of professional secretory cells, and its deficiency triggers drastic phenotypes associated with a basal ER stress response or decreased cell survival (15), a phenomenon that has not been reported previously in the nervous system. To study the possible effect of XBP1 on dopami ...
... crucial to the function of professional secretory cells, and its deficiency triggers drastic phenotypes associated with a basal ER stress response or decreased cell survival (15), a phenomenon that has not been reported previously in the nervous system. To study the possible effect of XBP1 on dopami ...
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... MURF is an index of the precision of spatial organization in the retinotectal projection. It indicates the size of the retinal locus containing the ganglion cells whose fibre terminals project to the vicinity of the microelectrode position. The measured size of the MURF may be influenced by the sele ...
... MURF is an index of the precision of spatial organization in the retinotectal projection. It indicates the size of the retinal locus containing the ganglion cells whose fibre terminals project to the vicinity of the microelectrode position. The measured size of the MURF may be influenced by the sele ...
Synchrony Unbound: Review A Critical Evaluation of
... distinct populations of neurons combined for higherlevel computation? How do high-level neurons determine which inputs carry information requiring further analysis? The problem would not arise if higher-order neurons received input from just a few selected sources, but the complexity of our sensory ...
... distinct populations of neurons combined for higherlevel computation? How do high-level neurons determine which inputs carry information requiring further analysis? The problem would not arise if higher-order neurons received input from just a few selected sources, but the complexity of our sensory ...
A Symmetric Approach Elucidates Multisensory Information Integration
... Traditional research on the basic science of sensation asks what types of information the brain receives from the external world. To elucidate the classical view, as an example we will go through the visual system, the best known and the most relevant among sensory systems in Primates. The retinal r ...
... Traditional research on the basic science of sensation asks what types of information the brain receives from the external world. To elucidate the classical view, as an example we will go through the visual system, the best known and the most relevant among sensory systems in Primates. The retinal r ...
Genetic Analysis of the Drosophila Ellipsoid Body
... intricate neuropil composed of four substructures. Each substructure contains repeated neuronal elements which are connected by processes such that topography is maintained. Although the neuronal architecture has been described in several insects and the behavioral role investigated in various exper ...
... intricate neuropil composed of four substructures. Each substructure contains repeated neuronal elements which are connected by processes such that topography is maintained. Although the neuronal architecture has been described in several insects and the behavioral role investigated in various exper ...
Gene Expression and the Control of Food Intake by Hypothalamic
... leptin receptors are found on approximately 35% of all POMC/CART neurons from the Rch and ARC of the mediobasal hypothalamus [31]. While leptin-induced excitation is observed throughout the rostrocaudal levels of the RCA and ARC, Williams and colleagues have recently shown that a higher percentage o ...
... leptin receptors are found on approximately 35% of all POMC/CART neurons from the Rch and ARC of the mediobasal hypothalamus [31]. While leptin-induced excitation is observed throughout the rostrocaudal levels of the RCA and ARC, Williams and colleagues have recently shown that a higher percentage o ...
Chapter 10 - Brands Delmar
... • Schwann: myelin sheaths in peripheral nervous system © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning ...
... • Schwann: myelin sheaths in peripheral nervous system © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning ...
Cortical Maps - White Rose Research Online
... map (Bosking and others, 1997). This map-specific connectivity is thought to underlie a wide variety of surprising phenomena, such as visual surround modulation (reviewed in Angelucci and Bressloff, 2006). It is not known whether there is any functional significance to the specific smoothly varying ...
... map (Bosking and others, 1997). This map-specific connectivity is thought to underlie a wide variety of surprising phenomena, such as visual surround modulation (reviewed in Angelucci and Bressloff, 2006). It is not known whether there is any functional significance to the specific smoothly varying ...
Animal responses to the environment
... A receptor is stimulated by a change in the environment and produces impulses. Dendrites of a sensory neuron conduct these nerve impulses to the cell body. Nerve impulses are conducted from the cell body along a single axon to the terminal branches. Ends of terminal branches do not touch the dendrit ...
... A receptor is stimulated by a change in the environment and produces impulses. Dendrites of a sensory neuron conduct these nerve impulses to the cell body. Nerve impulses are conducted from the cell body along a single axon to the terminal branches. Ends of terminal branches do not touch the dendrit ...
Researchers inch closer to causes, cures for insomnia, narcolepsy
... secrete orexin are almost completely absent. Narcoleptic brains had an 85 to 95 percent reduction in orexin neurons, Jerome Siegel, of the University of California, Los Angeles and his colleagues found. Since that study, published in 2000, scientists have been intent on figuring out how these neuron ...
... secrete orexin are almost completely absent. Narcoleptic brains had an 85 to 95 percent reduction in orexin neurons, Jerome Siegel, of the University of California, Los Angeles and his colleagues found. Since that study, published in 2000, scientists have been intent on figuring out how these neuron ...
Simulations of the Role of the Muscarinic-Activated Calcium- I in Entorhinal Neuronal
... drites lumped together. The addition of the separate initial segment compartment differs from the pyramidal cell. The lengths and cross sections of the three principal dendrite compartments were adjusted to give the dendrite a length constant of 2 (sealed-end condition). The compartment profiles are ...
... drites lumped together. The addition of the separate initial segment compartment differs from the pyramidal cell. The lengths and cross sections of the three principal dendrite compartments were adjusted to give the dendrite a length constant of 2 (sealed-end condition). The compartment profiles are ...
decision-making in the primate brain
... stock based on calculations of the most likely monetary gain. In the face of sudden change, such as a stock market crash, the value associated with available options is rapidly updated. In this way, the decision process allows behavior to adjust to environmental flux, resulting in a net benefit to the ...
... stock based on calculations of the most likely monetary gain. In the face of sudden change, such as a stock market crash, the value associated with available options is rapidly updated. In this way, the decision process allows behavior to adjust to environmental flux, resulting in a net benefit to the ...
SCENTS AND SENSIBILITY: A MOLECULAR LOGIC OF OLFACTORY PERCEPTION
... identified 1300 odorant receptors in the mouse (12,13) and 500 in humans (14,15,16). If mice possess 20,000 genes, then as much as 5% of the genome, one in 20 genes encodes the odorant receptors. A large family of odorant receptors is observed not only in vertebrates but in the far simpler sensory s ...
... identified 1300 odorant receptors in the mouse (12,13) and 500 in humans (14,15,16). If mice possess 20,000 genes, then as much as 5% of the genome, one in 20 genes encodes the odorant receptors. A large family of odorant receptors is observed not only in vertebrates but in the far simpler sensory s ...
Signal Propagation and Logic Gating in Networks of Integrate
... activity. We investigate whether this activity, which is a more realistic noise source, is sufficient to allow for signal transmission. We find that, for rate-coded signals but not for synfire chains, such networks support robust and accurate signal reproduction through up to six layers if appropria ...
... activity. We investigate whether this activity, which is a more realistic noise source, is sufficient to allow for signal transmission. We find that, for rate-coded signals but not for synfire chains, such networks support robust and accurate signal reproduction through up to six layers if appropria ...
Muscle Coordination 1 Changes in Muscle Coordination with
... at which the task could be performed in an accurate and stable fashion (6). Are such changes in the stability of behaviour mediated by trained induced alterations in the efficiency with which motor actions are generated? One direct consequence of resistance training appears to be an increase in the ...
... at which the task could be performed in an accurate and stable fashion (6). Are such changes in the stability of behaviour mediated by trained induced alterations in the efficiency with which motor actions are generated? One direct consequence of resistance training appears to be an increase in the ...
Glutamate Receptors
... processing can occur in an orderly manner (Figure 9-41C). How does NMDA receptor hypofunction affect information processing in CSTC loops? First, when descending corticobrainstem glutamate pathways have hypofunctioning NMDA receptors in the ventral tegmental area, this creates mesolimbic dopamine hy ...
... processing can occur in an orderly manner (Figure 9-41C). How does NMDA receptor hypofunction affect information processing in CSTC loops? First, when descending corticobrainstem glutamate pathways have hypofunctioning NMDA receptors in the ventral tegmental area, this creates mesolimbic dopamine hy ...
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... vagus nerve of one of the hearts. This is a bundle of neurons that serves the parasympathetic nervous system and causes a reduction in the heart’s rate of beating. A substance was released by the nerve of the first heart and was transported through the fluid to the second heart. The second heart red ...
... vagus nerve of one of the hearts. This is a bundle of neurons that serves the parasympathetic nervous system and causes a reduction in the heart’s rate of beating. A substance was released by the nerve of the first heart and was transported through the fluid to the second heart. The second heart red ...
Basal Ganglia: Internal Organization
... (see below). The corticostriatal and thalamostriatal projections are highly topographically organized and impart functionality onto the striatum and, consequently, other divisions of the basal ganglia. The main synaptic targets of the cortical and thalamic inputs to the basal ganglia are the medium- ...
... (see below). The corticostriatal and thalamostriatal projections are highly topographically organized and impart functionality onto the striatum and, consequently, other divisions of the basal ganglia. The main synaptic targets of the cortical and thalamic inputs to the basal ganglia are the medium- ...