Integrative neurobiology of energy homeostasis
... inactivation or selective expression of the insulin receptor in defined tissues and cell types have lead to a better understanding of the integration between peripheral and central insulin action. However, as exemplified by the studies of conventional NPY and AgRP-knockout mice, interpretation of resu ...
... inactivation or selective expression of the insulin receptor in defined tissues and cell types have lead to a better understanding of the integration between peripheral and central insulin action. However, as exemplified by the studies of conventional NPY and AgRP-knockout mice, interpretation of resu ...
Role of Nitric Oxide on Dopamine Release and Morphine
... Morphine-induced sensitization is accompanied with a rise in the ability of opioids to promote DA release in NA and VTA brain regions that are thought to be involved in this process (Yaribeygi et al., 2014). NA is a complex forebrain structure, involved in the regulation of motivation and motor beha ...
... Morphine-induced sensitization is accompanied with a rise in the ability of opioids to promote DA release in NA and VTA brain regions that are thought to be involved in this process (Yaribeygi et al., 2014). NA is a complex forebrain structure, involved in the regulation of motivation and motor beha ...
construction of a model demonstrating neural pathways and reflex arcs
... that involves two neurons and the space between them. The synaptic space is very small, and it can be seen best with an electron microscope. A synapse is different from synaptic transmission. Synaptic transmission is an event that occurs at the synapse; the synapse itself is a structure. A schematic ...
... that involves two neurons and the space between them. The synaptic space is very small, and it can be seen best with an electron microscope. A synapse is different from synaptic transmission. Synaptic transmission is an event that occurs at the synapse; the synapse itself is a structure. A schematic ...
The Impact of Prior Experience With Cross-Modal
... refers to the general increase in the number of action potentials measured when a second modality is presented to a cell doing MI, while depression refers to the general decrease in the number of action potentials. Meredith and Stein (1983) demonstrated that a sensory stimulus (light) presented to a ...
... refers to the general increase in the number of action potentials measured when a second modality is presented to a cell doing MI, while depression refers to the general decrease in the number of action potentials. Meredith and Stein (1983) demonstrated that a sensory stimulus (light) presented to a ...
construction of a model demonstrating neural pathways and reflex arcs
... that involves two neurons and the space between them. The synaptic space is very small, and it can be seen best with an electron microscope. A synapse is different from synaptic transmission. Synaptic transmission is an event that occurs at the synapse; the synapse itself is a structure. A schematic ...
... that involves two neurons and the space between them. The synaptic space is very small, and it can be seen best with an electron microscope. A synapse is different from synaptic transmission. Synaptic transmission is an event that occurs at the synapse; the synapse itself is a structure. A schematic ...
Dendritic Morphology of Pyramidal Neurons in the
... critical to determine what features of pyramidal neuron morphology in humans have been uniquely modified in evolution since the last common ancestor shared with great apes. In the current study, we used rapid Golgi staining to quantify differences in the neuromorphology of supragranular pyramidal neu ...
... critical to determine what features of pyramidal neuron morphology in humans have been uniquely modified in evolution since the last common ancestor shared with great apes. In the current study, we used rapid Golgi staining to quantify differences in the neuromorphology of supragranular pyramidal neu ...
Vesicle-Mediated Transport and Release of
... Whenever neurons in the CNS are injured, microglia become activated. In addition to local activation, microglia remote from the primary lesion site are stimulated. Because this so-called secondary activation of microglia is instrumental for long-term changes after neuronal injury, it is important to ...
... Whenever neurons in the CNS are injured, microglia become activated. In addition to local activation, microglia remote from the primary lesion site are stimulated. Because this so-called secondary activation of microglia is instrumental for long-term changes after neuronal injury, it is important to ...
Gradual increase in neuronal density of rats
... 13. Meyer G, Albus K. Topography and cortical projections of morphologically identified neurons in the visual thalamus of the cat. J Comp Neurol 1981; 201: 353-374. 14. Hitchcock PF, Hickey TL. Morphology of C-laminae neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat: a Golgi ...
... 13. Meyer G, Albus K. Topography and cortical projections of morphologically identified neurons in the visual thalamus of the cat. J Comp Neurol 1981; 201: 353-374. 14. Hitchcock PF, Hickey TL. Morphology of C-laminae neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat: a Golgi ...
Calculating Consequences - Human Reward and Decision Making lab
... and statistical analyses. The first four volumes of images were discarded different types of reward schedule: variable-ratio (VR) schedules, in to avoid T1 equilibrium effects. The images were realigned to the first which subjects were rewarded according to the number of responses image as a referen ...
... and statistical analyses. The first four volumes of images were discarded different types of reward schedule: variable-ratio (VR) schedules, in to avoid T1 equilibrium effects. The images were realigned to the first which subjects were rewarded according to the number of responses image as a referen ...
cerebral and gastric histamine system is altered after portocaval shunt
... about by an increased number, size and granularity of enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells. ECL cells have capacity to synthesize, store and release histamine in response to feeding or injection of pentagastrin and insulin. Portocavally shunted rats are a suitable animal model of hepatic encephalopathy ...
... about by an increased number, size and granularity of enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells. ECL cells have capacity to synthesize, store and release histamine in response to feeding or injection of pentagastrin and insulin. Portocavally shunted rats are a suitable animal model of hepatic encephalopathy ...
Novel Models of Visual Topographic Map Alignment in the Superior
... Processing sensory information is a critical task of the central nervous system, requiring the establishment of precisely ordered synaptic connectivity during development. In the visual system, image-forming regions are organized into topographics maps, such that neighboring neurons monitor adjacent ...
... Processing sensory information is a critical task of the central nervous system, requiring the establishment of precisely ordered synaptic connectivity during development. In the visual system, image-forming regions are organized into topographics maps, such that neighboring neurons monitor adjacent ...
Impact of diet on adult hippocampal neurogenesis
... in hippocampal-dependent learning tasks is observed between mice of different strains [49, 112]. Environment also has a major impact on AHN (this will be discussed in detail later), and changes in neurogenesis induced by the environment correlates with performance in hippocampaldependent learning ta ...
... in hippocampal-dependent learning tasks is observed between mice of different strains [49, 112]. Environment also has a major impact on AHN (this will be discussed in detail later), and changes in neurogenesis induced by the environment correlates with performance in hippocampaldependent learning ta ...
Chapter 4 monkey
... Roitman and Shadlen 2002). These studies investigated saccade target selection (decisions) in the presence of stochastic and unreliable sensory evidence. In these situations the optimal strategy is to integrate sensory evidence over time and neurons in frontal and parietal cortex involved in the gen ...
... Roitman and Shadlen 2002). These studies investigated saccade target selection (decisions) in the presence of stochastic and unreliable sensory evidence. In these situations the optimal strategy is to integrate sensory evidence over time and neurons in frontal and parietal cortex involved in the gen ...
Chapter 2 The Neural Bases of Learning and Memory
... Francis Gall tried to map out faculties that were localized in specific brain areas. Clinical and experimental work, however, did not support his map of faculties. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology has allowed a deeper look into the activity of specific brain areas while indivi ...
... Francis Gall tried to map out faculties that were localized in specific brain areas. Clinical and experimental work, however, did not support his map of faculties. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology has allowed a deeper look into the activity of specific brain areas while indivi ...
The role of NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes in neurodegenerative
... contain EF-hands (EF) and are activated by Ca2+ binding. DUOX 1/2 also requires the association with DUOX maturation factors A1/2, respectively. (B) Summary of some key stimuli and pathways known to activate NOX enzymes in various cell types. Translocation of cytosolic regulatory subunits play an es ...
... contain EF-hands (EF) and are activated by Ca2+ binding. DUOX 1/2 also requires the association with DUOX maturation factors A1/2, respectively. (B) Summary of some key stimuli and pathways known to activate NOX enzymes in various cell types. Translocation of cytosolic regulatory subunits play an es ...
What is the other 85% of V1 doing?
... approach tells you anything useful depends entirely on how you reduce. Some modes of interaction may be crucial to the operation of the system, and so cutting them out—either in theories or experiments—may give a misleading picture of how the system actually works. Obviously, if one knew in advance ...
... approach tells you anything useful depends entirely on how you reduce. Some modes of interaction may be crucial to the operation of the system, and so cutting them out—either in theories or experiments—may give a misleading picture of how the system actually works. Obviously, if one knew in advance ...
Introduction to Psychology
... What happens during an action potential? The axon membrane is pierced by tiny tunnels or “holes,” called ion channels. Normally, these tiny openings are blocked by molecules that act like “gates” or “doors.” During an action potential, the gates pop open. This allows sodium ions (Na⫹) to rush into t ...
... What happens during an action potential? The axon membrane is pierced by tiny tunnels or “holes,” called ion channels. Normally, these tiny openings are blocked by molecules that act like “gates” or “doors.” During an action potential, the gates pop open. This allows sodium ions (Na⫹) to rush into t ...
Thalamocortical projection from the ventral posteromedial nucleus
... were also present. They entered SI distant from target sites, extended toward the brain surface, then sharply turned toward the plexus in layers IV and VI, and converged in the plexus (indicated by arrowheads in Fig. 1B). The axons had few branches and did not project to the supragranular layers. In ...
... were also present. They entered SI distant from target sites, extended toward the brain surface, then sharply turned toward the plexus in layers IV and VI, and converged in the plexus (indicated by arrowheads in Fig. 1B). The axons had few branches and did not project to the supragranular layers. In ...
Cerebellum. - Department of Physiology
... conveyed by CFs to the molecular layer (Fig. 32.4), PCs learn to detect specific patterns in their state vectors. This allows the PCs to classify the many patterns of state that occur at different times and under different contexts. This specialized neuronal architecture functions as a remarkable le ...
... conveyed by CFs to the molecular layer (Fig. 32.4), PCs learn to detect specific patterns in their state vectors. This allows the PCs to classify the many patterns of state that occur at different times and under different contexts. This specialized neuronal architecture functions as a remarkable le ...
The effect of learning on the face selective responses of neurons in
... monkeys which had been seen before.) This set of novel face images was presented in random sequences for 7-15 iterations of the novel set, and the neuronal response to every presentation was saved automatically by the computer, as described above. The whole procedure was fully automated to ensure th ...
... monkeys which had been seen before.) This set of novel face images was presented in random sequences for 7-15 iterations of the novel set, and the neuronal response to every presentation was saved automatically by the computer, as described above. The whole procedure was fully automated to ensure th ...
Lecture VIII. Spinal Cord
... The size of white matter tracts (posterior, lateral and anterior columns) increases as more axons are added on the way TO the brain and decreases as axons end on the way FROM the the brain. September 27, 2010 ...
... The size of white matter tracts (posterior, lateral and anterior columns) increases as more axons are added on the way TO the brain and decreases as axons end on the way FROM the the brain. September 27, 2010 ...
BCM Theory
... Unlike our initial expectation, which envisioned some weighted contributions from both scales, we did not see any significant contribution of the short time scale in learned cerebellar timing (Supplementary Figure S1). See text for further explanations. Note 2. Normal behavior of the cerebellar netw ...
... Unlike our initial expectation, which envisioned some weighted contributions from both scales, we did not see any significant contribution of the short time scale in learned cerebellar timing (Supplementary Figure S1). See text for further explanations. Note 2. Normal behavior of the cerebellar netw ...
Distributed Modular Architectures Linking Basal Ganglia
... parallel fibers (Ito, 1984), and each spiny neuron is contacted by about 10,000 different corticostriatal afferents (Wilson, 1995). Those are the highest convergence ratios known in the nervous system. Second, Purkinje and spiny neurons receive specialized inputs that appear to transmit training inf ...
... parallel fibers (Ito, 1984), and each spiny neuron is contacted by about 10,000 different corticostriatal afferents (Wilson, 1995). Those are the highest convergence ratios known in the nervous system. Second, Purkinje and spiny neurons receive specialized inputs that appear to transmit training inf ...
Integrative actions of the reticular formation The reticular activating
... system may account for wakefulness, while reduction of its activity either naturally, by barbiturates, or by experimental injury and disease, may respectively precipitate normal sleep, contribute to anesthesis or produce pathological somnolence." Proof for a R.A.S. At this point the experimental fin ...
... system may account for wakefulness, while reduction of its activity either naturally, by barbiturates, or by experimental injury and disease, may respectively precipitate normal sleep, contribute to anesthesis or produce pathological somnolence." Proof for a R.A.S. At this point the experimental fin ...
PDF file
... to vertical or nearly vertical edges were found in the primary visual cortex (also see, more recent studies, e.g. Ref. 33). From a computational point of view, hand-programed (or genome-coded) edge detectors are not sufficient for all the possible sensory environments. In the model presented here, f ...
... to vertical or nearly vertical edges were found in the primary visual cortex (also see, more recent studies, e.g. Ref. 33). From a computational point of view, hand-programed (or genome-coded) edge detectors are not sufficient for all the possible sensory environments. In the model presented here, f ...