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... to the naked eye. You cannot see that it is densely packed with structures, systems, functions, connections and interconnections, many of which are still not fully understood. Within the brain’s tissue are roughly 86 billion individual nerve cells called neurons. Each neuron is connected to between ...
... to the naked eye. You cannot see that it is densely packed with structures, systems, functions, connections and interconnections, many of which are still not fully understood. Within the brain’s tissue are roughly 86 billion individual nerve cells called neurons. Each neuron is connected to between ...
Coding Rate and Duration of Vocalizations of the Frog, Xenopus laevis
... expressed NMDARs, we first applied 1 M tetrodotoxin (TTX) (SigmaAldrich) to block all spike-mediated synaptic transmission. The effectiveness of TTX treatment was confirmed when action potentials could no longer be produced by either the FTNs or vocal motoneurons (determined by the loss of activity ...
... expressed NMDARs, we first applied 1 M tetrodotoxin (TTX) (SigmaAldrich) to block all spike-mediated synaptic transmission. The effectiveness of TTX treatment was confirmed when action potentials could no longer be produced by either the FTNs or vocal motoneurons (determined by the loss of activity ...
brain derived neurotrophic factor transport and physiological
... Chapter 2: Fig. 8 Mutant huntingtin in HD brain lysate decreases the efficiency of the interaction of HAP1 with proBDNF, pro domain BDNF, mature BDNF…………………………………………………………….119 Chapter 2: Fig. 9 HAP1/proBDNF complex is altered in HD……….…..123 Chapter 2: Fig. 10 HAP1 plays a critical role in the acti ...
... Chapter 2: Fig. 8 Mutant huntingtin in HD brain lysate decreases the efficiency of the interaction of HAP1 with proBDNF, pro domain BDNF, mature BDNF…………………………………………………………….119 Chapter 2: Fig. 9 HAP1/proBDNF complex is altered in HD……….…..123 Chapter 2: Fig. 10 HAP1 plays a critical role in the acti ...
Branching Thalamic Afferents Link Action and Perception
... relay” passing sensory inputs to the cerebral cortex for perceptual processing along corticocortical pathways (Fig. 1A). Evidence presented elsewhere (Guillery and Sherman 2002a), and briefly summarized below, shows that most axons carrying information to the thalamus are branches of axons whose oth ...
... relay” passing sensory inputs to the cerebral cortex for perceptual processing along corticocortical pathways (Fig. 1A). Evidence presented elsewhere (Guillery and Sherman 2002a), and briefly summarized below, shows that most axons carrying information to the thalamus are branches of axons whose oth ...
Voluntary Nicotine Consumption Triggers Potentiation of Cortical Excitatory Drives to Midbrain
... (back of the animal, parallel to the spine). Pumps were filled either with saline (pumpSAL, n ⫽ 17) or nicotine tartrate solution (pump-NIC, n ⫽ 7). The concentration of nicotine tartrate salt solution was adjusted according to animal weight, resulting in 9 mg/kg/d (3.16 mg/kg/d, free base) for 6 d. ...
... (back of the animal, parallel to the spine). Pumps were filled either with saline (pumpSAL, n ⫽ 17) or nicotine tartrate solution (pump-NIC, n ⫽ 7). The concentration of nicotine tartrate salt solution was adjusted according to animal weight, resulting in 9 mg/kg/d (3.16 mg/kg/d, free base) for 6 d. ...
17. Pathways and Integrative Functions
... spinocerebellar pathway is composed of anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts; these are the major routes for transmitting postural input to the cerebellum (figure 17.4). Sensory input arriving at the cerebellum through these tracts is critical for regulating posture and balance and for coord ...
... spinocerebellar pathway is composed of anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts; these are the major routes for transmitting postural input to the cerebellum (figure 17.4). Sensory input arriving at the cerebellum through these tracts is critical for regulating posture and balance and for coord ...
NeuralNets
... Several Branched Rough Surface (dendritic spines) Have ribosomes No myelin insulation ...
... Several Branched Rough Surface (dendritic spines) Have ribosomes No myelin insulation ...
HYPOTHALAMUS
... The magno- and parvocellular cell groups producing the hypothalamic hormones receive a variety of stimuli from different parts of the brain, primarily within the hypothalamus, but also from extrahypothalamic areas including the amygdaloid body, hippocampus and various brainstem areas. Furthermore, i ...
... The magno- and parvocellular cell groups producing the hypothalamic hormones receive a variety of stimuli from different parts of the brain, primarily within the hypothalamus, but also from extrahypothalamic areas including the amygdaloid body, hippocampus and various brainstem areas. Furthermore, i ...
Implications on visual apperception: energy, duration
... cytochrome oxidase-rich V1 areas. Thus, V1 bear the highest energy allocation for visual representation. In addition, the conscious perceptions also demand structural conditions, presence of adequate duration of information representation, and ‘synchronized neural processes and/or ‘interactive hiera ...
... cytochrome oxidase-rich V1 areas. Thus, V1 bear the highest energy allocation for visual representation. In addition, the conscious perceptions also demand structural conditions, presence of adequate duration of information representation, and ‘synchronized neural processes and/or ‘interactive hiera ...
A local circuit approach to understanding integration of
... might be reconciled by invoking dramatic state changes in local neurons or in long-distance synapses. Here we show that local cortical circuitry is sufficient to explain these receptive field ‘switching’ effects, provided that some contrast-related asymmetr y between local cortical excitatory and in ...
... might be reconciled by invoking dramatic state changes in local neurons or in long-distance synapses. Here we show that local cortical circuitry is sufficient to explain these receptive field ‘switching’ effects, provided that some contrast-related asymmetr y between local cortical excitatory and in ...
Summary of Results and Discussion
... In the mature brain, the control of branch generation (sprouting) to create new synapses and synapse elimination are key mechanisms that ensure fine-tune networks (Rakic et al., 1986). As during development, these mechanisms can be regulated by activity. The hippocampus is one of the brain regions e ...
... In the mature brain, the control of branch generation (sprouting) to create new synapses and synapse elimination are key mechanisms that ensure fine-tune networks (Rakic et al., 1986). As during development, these mechanisms can be regulated by activity. The hippocampus is one of the brain regions e ...
Malformations of the Cerebral Cortex as a Cause of Mental
... associated with synaptogenesis and apoptosis. This is a dynamic process and more than one stage may occur simultaneously during several gestational weeks. In humans, the proliferation stage ranges from weeks 5-6 to weeks 16-20, migration from weeks 6-7 to weeks 20-24, and organization from week 16 u ...
... associated with synaptogenesis and apoptosis. This is a dynamic process and more than one stage may occur simultaneously during several gestational weeks. In humans, the proliferation stage ranges from weeks 5-6 to weeks 16-20, migration from weeks 6-7 to weeks 20-24, and organization from week 16 u ...
Chronic multiunit recordings in behaving animals: advantages and
... function. By the use of multiunit recording, it becomes much easier to detect relatively weak interactions between neurons at different cortical locations. ...
... function. By the use of multiunit recording, it becomes much easier to detect relatively weak interactions between neurons at different cortical locations. ...
Dynamic functional reorganization of the motor execution network
... pathological networks (Ponten et al., 2007). It is possible that network randomization may be a final common pathway for different types of brain damage, resulting from a compensatory but non optimized outgrowth of new connections because of impaired normal connection pathway. In current study, we h ...
... pathological networks (Ponten et al., 2007). It is possible that network randomization may be a final common pathway for different types of brain damage, resulting from a compensatory but non optimized outgrowth of new connections because of impaired normal connection pathway. In current study, we h ...
Superior Colliculus and Visual Spatial Attention
... The superior colliculus (SC) has long been known to be part of the network of brain areas involved in spatial attention, but recent findings have dramatically refined our understanding of its functional role. The SC both implements the motor consequences of attention and plays a crucial role in the pr ...
... The superior colliculus (SC) has long been known to be part of the network of brain areas involved in spatial attention, but recent findings have dramatically refined our understanding of its functional role. The SC both implements the motor consequences of attention and plays a crucial role in the pr ...
The Roles of Dopamine - ETH E
... cortical target areas are often increased (Schultz, 1998). Both findings are not necessarily inconsistent since small differences in firing rates of dopamine neurons are hard to detect with single neuron recordings, and measurement methods for dopamine concentration have usually less temporal resolu ...
... cortical target areas are often increased (Schultz, 1998). Both findings are not necessarily inconsistent since small differences in firing rates of dopamine neurons are hard to detect with single neuron recordings, and measurement methods for dopamine concentration have usually less temporal resolu ...
Drosophila as a Model Organism for the Study of
... mushroom body, which is often compared to the mammalian hippocampus, although it is not clear whether there is any evolutionary homology between the structures. While our understanding of the mushroom body circuitry is still developing, targeted genetic manipulations suggest that punishment and rewa ...
... mushroom body, which is often compared to the mammalian hippocampus, although it is not clear whether there is any evolutionary homology between the structures. While our understanding of the mushroom body circuitry is still developing, targeted genetic manipulations suggest that punishment and rewa ...
Electrical Synapses between Dopaminergic Neurons of the
... Spatiotemporal properties of dopamine release play a major role both in striatal and nigral physiology because dopamine is released from nerve terminals and dendrites of nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Pioneering work revealed gap junctional communication (assessed by dye-coupling experimen ...
... Spatiotemporal properties of dopamine release play a major role both in striatal and nigral physiology because dopamine is released from nerve terminals and dendrites of nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Pioneering work revealed gap junctional communication (assessed by dye-coupling experimen ...
Laminar Selectivity of the Cholinergic Suppression of Synaptic
... Modeling and Brain Slice Physiology Michael ...
... Modeling and Brain Slice Physiology Michael ...
Sonic Hedgehog Expression in Corticofugal Projection Neurons
... of neurons or glia in these regions during this window of neural development. To assess the involvement of Shh in the regulation of neuronal growth and synaptogenesis, we performed Golgi analysis on P21–P28 brains of ShhcKO mice and wild-type control littermates (Figures 3A–3D). We observed signific ...
... of neurons or glia in these regions during this window of neural development. To assess the involvement of Shh in the regulation of neuronal growth and synaptogenesis, we performed Golgi analysis on P21–P28 brains of ShhcKO mice and wild-type control littermates (Figures 3A–3D). We observed signific ...
A direct quantitative relationship between the functional properties of
... the implications of experiments in non-human primates for human motion perception. Although this relationship is often assumed to be straightforward, computational simulation of neuronal populations in area V5 shows a complex relationship between activity in single cells and neuronal populations. In ...
... the implications of experiments in non-human primates for human motion perception. Although this relationship is often assumed to be straightforward, computational simulation of neuronal populations in area V5 shows a complex relationship between activity in single cells and neuronal populations. In ...
Chapter 2
... microscopic level nor have the local axons from IC GABAergic neurons (see Section 4.2). Although the inputs to ICC have been identified at the electron microscopic level, their synaptic role in processing auditory information remains an area of intense interest. For example, it is unclear whether th ...
... microscopic level nor have the local axons from IC GABAergic neurons (see Section 4.2). Although the inputs to ICC have been identified at the electron microscopic level, their synaptic role in processing auditory information remains an area of intense interest. For example, it is unclear whether th ...
The medial geniculate, not the amygdala, as the root of auditory fear
... The AMYG model has been presented in numerous reviews (e.g., Fanselow and LeDoux, 1999; LeDoux, 1990, 1992, 1993a, 1994, 1995, 2000; LeDoux and Muller, 1997; Maren, 2001; Maren and Quirk, 2004; Phelps and LeDoux, 2005; Rodrigues et al., 2009). The major findings on which the AMYG model is based are s ...
... The AMYG model has been presented in numerous reviews (e.g., Fanselow and LeDoux, 1999; LeDoux, 1990, 1992, 1993a, 1994, 1995, 2000; LeDoux and Muller, 1997; Maren, 2001; Maren and Quirk, 2004; Phelps and LeDoux, 2005; Rodrigues et al., 2009). The major findings on which the AMYG model is based are s ...
Appendix Basics of the Nervous System
... of a neuron. The additional features of a neuron that are important to note include the dendrites [to glossary], soma [to glossary], axon [to glossary] and terminals [to glossary]. The dendrites receive information from other neurons. Their function will described below when the synapse is discussed ...
... of a neuron. The additional features of a neuron that are important to note include the dendrites [to glossary], soma [to glossary], axon [to glossary] and terminals [to glossary]. The dendrites receive information from other neurons. Their function will described below when the synapse is discussed ...
Sample
... Correct. The dendrite receives a message, the cell body processes it, the axon takes a message to the terminal buttons, and the terminal buttons release neurotransmitters. b) terminal buttons, dendrites, cell body, axon c) cell body, dendrites, terminal buttons, axon Incorrect. Every part of this an ...
... Correct. The dendrite receives a message, the cell body processes it, the axon takes a message to the terminal buttons, and the terminal buttons release neurotransmitters. b) terminal buttons, dendrites, cell body, axon c) cell body, dendrites, terminal buttons, axon Incorrect. Every part of this an ...