NIH Public Access
... Serotonergic neurons within the raphe, especially the dorsal raphe, project to diverse forebrain regions, including the key corticolimbic structures involved in the regulation of stress, such as the mPFC, septum, extended amygdala, and hippocampus. Within the DRN, further topological organization su ...
... Serotonergic neurons within the raphe, especially the dorsal raphe, project to diverse forebrain regions, including the key corticolimbic structures involved in the regulation of stress, such as the mPFC, septum, extended amygdala, and hippocampus. Within the DRN, further topological organization su ...
Variation in the area of distribution of the lateral pectoral nerve and a
... catagorised, if the MCN did not pierce the coracobrachialis. If type l alone with additional communication at distal end also it is classified as Type IV (8%, 9 communications). The present variation can be again related to both type lV classification of the above mentioned study. Eglseder and Goldm ...
... catagorised, if the MCN did not pierce the coracobrachialis. If type l alone with additional communication at distal end also it is classified as Type IV (8%, 9 communications). The present variation can be again related to both type lV classification of the above mentioned study. Eglseder and Goldm ...
Wasp uses venom cocktail to manipulate the behavior F. Libersat
... into the nervous system of its prey The first sting is applied to the first thoracic segment, which houses the pro-thoracic ganglion. Cockroaches stung only once in the prothorax exhibit a flaccid paralysis of the front legs from which they recover within a few minutes (Fouad et al. 1994). Because t ...
... into the nervous system of its prey The first sting is applied to the first thoracic segment, which houses the pro-thoracic ganglion. Cockroaches stung only once in the prothorax exhibit a flaccid paralysis of the front legs from which they recover within a few minutes (Fouad et al. 1994). Because t ...
Biomimetic approaches to the control of underwater walking machines
... MC joints, respectively. ...
... MC joints, respectively. ...
The Trigeminal and Facial Nerves
... residual facial weakness. Patients that do not show some facial muscle recovery after 6 months show a more guarded prognosis for spontaneous recovery. Of this group, prolonged facial muscle weakness, synkinesis, muscle spasm and abnormal tearing are common sequelae. Pathology that may give rise to B ...
... residual facial weakness. Patients that do not show some facial muscle recovery after 6 months show a more guarded prognosis for spontaneous recovery. Of this group, prolonged facial muscle weakness, synkinesis, muscle spasm and abnormal tearing are common sequelae. Pathology that may give rise to B ...
Fine structural analysis of extraocular muscle spindles of a two
... but were absent from damaged chain fibers and from anomalous fibers. One "false spindle" without a periaxial space was composed of three anomalous fibers and one chain fiber, all of them devoid of sensory terminals. CONCLUSIONS. Most structural particularities of human EOM spindles described in aged ...
... but were absent from damaged chain fibers and from anomalous fibers. One "false spindle" without a periaxial space was composed of three anomalous fibers and one chain fiber, all of them devoid of sensory terminals. CONCLUSIONS. Most structural particularities of human EOM spindles described in aged ...
Fine structural analysis of extraocular muscle spindles of a
... but were absent from damaged chain fibers and from anomalous fibers. One "false spindle" without a periaxial space was composed of three anomalous fibers and one chain fiber, all of them devoid of sensory terminals. CONCLUSIONS. Most structural particularities of human EOM spindles described in aged ...
... but were absent from damaged chain fibers and from anomalous fibers. One "false spindle" without a periaxial space was composed of three anomalous fibers and one chain fiber, all of them devoid of sensory terminals. CONCLUSIONS. Most structural particularities of human EOM spindles described in aged ...
Chapter 8: The Nervous System
... Ans: A nerve impulse is a wave of depolarization and repolarization, during which sodium ions first move into a neuron and then potassium ions move out of a neuron. This is called an action potential. When the action potential reaches the end of the axon, neurotransmitter substances are released int ...
... Ans: A nerve impulse is a wave of depolarization and repolarization, during which sodium ions first move into a neuron and then potassium ions move out of a neuron. This is called an action potential. When the action potential reaches the end of the axon, neurotransmitter substances are released int ...
Chapter 8: The Nervous System
... Ans: A nerve impulse is a wave of depolarization and repolarization, during which sodium ions first move into a neuron and then potassium ions move out of a neuron. This is called an action potential. When the action potential reaches the end of the axon, neurotransmitter substances are released int ...
... Ans: A nerve impulse is a wave of depolarization and repolarization, during which sodium ions first move into a neuron and then potassium ions move out of a neuron. This is called an action potential. When the action potential reaches the end of the axon, neurotransmitter substances are released int ...
Behavioral Response and Transmitter Release During Atonia
... inhibition with no change in ipsilateral muscle tone. In contrast to their responses in waking, when stimulation with the same parameters was applied during SWS, bilateral inhibition without after-facilitation occurred in all cases (Fig. 4). There was a significant interaction between stimulation in ...
... inhibition with no change in ipsilateral muscle tone. In contrast to their responses in waking, when stimulation with the same parameters was applied during SWS, bilateral inhibition without after-facilitation occurred in all cases (Fig. 4). There was a significant interaction between stimulation in ...
Excitatory and Inhibitory Vestibular Pathways to the Extraocular
... possibly because this order exhibits robust oculomotor performance with eye movements comparable with those observed in mammals (Easter 1972; Pastor et al. 1992; Schairer and Bennett 1986). In the goldfish, neurons within the vestibular complex, notably the anterior, descending, and tangential octav ...
... possibly because this order exhibits robust oculomotor performance with eye movements comparable with those observed in mammals (Easter 1972; Pastor et al. 1992; Schairer and Bennett 1986). In the goldfish, neurons within the vestibular complex, notably the anterior, descending, and tangential octav ...
Thalamic Circuit Diversity: Modulation of the Driver/Modulator
... Although many thalamic nuclei can be categorized as first or higher order, it is now apparent that this nomenclature must be modified in order to include the wide variety of ‘‘noncanonical’’ thalamic circuits that have been identified in more recent years. For example, thalamic nuclei that are inner ...
... Although many thalamic nuclei can be categorized as first or higher order, it is now apparent that this nomenclature must be modified in order to include the wide variety of ‘‘noncanonical’’ thalamic circuits that have been identified in more recent years. For example, thalamic nuclei that are inner ...
A new view of the motor cortex
... A specific zone in the motor cortex, sometimes called the polysensory zone, contains a high proportion of neurons that respond to tactile and visual stimuli (Fogassi et al., 1996; Gentilucci et al., 1998; Graziano and Gandhi, 2000; Graziano et al., 1994; Graziano et al., 1997; Rizzolatti et al., 198 ...
... A specific zone in the motor cortex, sometimes called the polysensory zone, contains a high proportion of neurons that respond to tactile and visual stimuli (Fogassi et al., 1996; Gentilucci et al., 1998; Graziano and Gandhi, 2000; Graziano et al., 1994; Graziano et al., 1997; Rizzolatti et al., 198 ...
Corticomuscular Contributions to the Control of Rhythmic Movement
... The inherent simplicity of human locomotion is deceiving in nature and its complexity becomes apparent when we observe children as they learn to walk or patients suffering from neuromuscular disorders. Human movement requires inputs from supraspinal and spinal centers as well as sensory afferent fee ...
... The inherent simplicity of human locomotion is deceiving in nature and its complexity becomes apparent when we observe children as they learn to walk or patients suffering from neuromuscular disorders. Human movement requires inputs from supraspinal and spinal centers as well as sensory afferent fee ...
Loss of TDP-43 causes age-dependent progressive motor neuron
... motor axon, grouped atrophy of the skeletal muscle, and denervation in the neuromuscular junction. The spinal motor neurons lacking transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 were not affected for 1 year, but exhibited atrophy at the age of 100 weeks; whereas, extraocular motor neurons, that are es ...
... motor axon, grouped atrophy of the skeletal muscle, and denervation in the neuromuscular junction. The spinal motor neurons lacking transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 were not affected for 1 year, but exhibited atrophy at the age of 100 weeks; whereas, extraocular motor neurons, that are es ...
The Origins of Two-State Spontaneous Membrane Potential
... not attributable to the action of tonic inhibitory circuits but, rather, were caused by the lack of sufficient excitation. The depolarizing episodes were attributed to maintained, coordinated synaptic excitation from the cerebral cortex and thalamus (Wilson and Groves, 1980; Wilson et al., 1983; Cal ...
... not attributable to the action of tonic inhibitory circuits but, rather, were caused by the lack of sufficient excitation. The depolarizing episodes were attributed to maintained, coordinated synaptic excitation from the cerebral cortex and thalamus (Wilson and Groves, 1980; Wilson et al., 1983; Cal ...
Glial heterogeneity: the increasing complexity of the brain
... will change the way we think about brain function and put glial cells into an even more prominent focus of attention. Astrocytes are probably the most versatile class of neuroglia. Functionally positioned between the pia mater, blood vessels and neuronal synapses, they display a plethora of properti ...
... will change the way we think about brain function and put glial cells into an even more prominent focus of attention. Astrocytes are probably the most versatile class of neuroglia. Functionally positioned between the pia mater, blood vessels and neuronal synapses, they display a plethora of properti ...
Anatomy - Nervous System Test Chpt 9
... a. nerve b. neuron c. brain d. spinal cord 3. What begins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron in its environment? a. a threshold b. an action potential c. a nerve signal d. a dendrite 4. Sense organs are part of the a. sensory division. b. central nervous system. c. autonomic nervous syste ...
... a. nerve b. neuron c. brain d. spinal cord 3. What begins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron in its environment? a. a threshold b. an action potential c. a nerve signal d. a dendrite 4. Sense organs are part of the a. sensory division. b. central nervous system. c. autonomic nervous syste ...
Slide 1
... at the soma. Triangles indicate active excitatory synapses. Dashed lines indicate axial dendritic current, with arrowheads indicating direction of current flow. Schematic showing attenuation of EPSP from dendrite to the soma. Dendritic EPSP is larger than somatic EPSP because of higher input impedan ...
... at the soma. Triangles indicate active excitatory synapses. Dashed lines indicate axial dendritic current, with arrowheads indicating direction of current flow. Schematic showing attenuation of EPSP from dendrite to the soma. Dendritic EPSP is larger than somatic EPSP because of higher input impedan ...
Neuromuscular junction
A neuromuscular junction (sometimes called a myoneural junction) is a junction between nerve and muscle; it is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron and the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber. It is at the neuromuscular junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction.Muscles require innervation to function—and even just to maintain muscle tone, avoiding atrophy. Synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction begins when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron, which activates voltage-dependent calcium channels to allow calcium ions to enter the neuron. Calcium ions bind to sensor proteins (synaptotagmin) on synaptic vesicles, triggering vesicle fusion with the cell membrane and subsequent neurotransmitter release from the motor neuron into the synaptic cleft. In vertebrates, motor neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), a small molecule neurotransmitter, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on the cell membrane of the muscle fiber, also known as the sarcolemma. nAChRs are ionotropic receptors, meaning they serve as ligand-gated ion channels. The binding of ACh to the receptor can depolarize the muscle fiber, causing a cascade that eventually results in muscle contraction.Neuromuscular junction diseases can be of genetic and autoimmune origin. Genetic disorders, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, can arise from mutated structural proteins that comprise the neuromuscular junction, whereas autoimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis, occur when antibodies are produced against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the sarcolemma.