Chapter 13 *Lecture PowerPoint The Spinal Cord,
... • White matter of the spinal cord surrounds the gray matter • Consists of bundles of axons that course up and down the cord – Provide avenues of communication between different levels of the CNS • Columns or funiculi—three pairs of these white matter bundles – Posterior (dorsal), lateral, and anteri ...
... • White matter of the spinal cord surrounds the gray matter • Consists of bundles of axons that course up and down the cord – Provide avenues of communication between different levels of the CNS • Columns or funiculi—three pairs of these white matter bundles – Posterior (dorsal), lateral, and anteri ...
chapt13_lectureS
... • nerves of peripheral nervous system are ensheathed in Schwann cells – forms neurilemma and often a myelin sheath around the axon – external to neurilemma, each fiber is surrounded by basal lamina and then a thin sleeve of loose connective tissue – endoneurium – fascicles – nerve fibers gathered in ...
... • nerves of peripheral nervous system are ensheathed in Schwann cells – forms neurilemma and often a myelin sheath around the axon – external to neurilemma, each fiber is surrounded by basal lamina and then a thin sleeve of loose connective tissue – endoneurium – fascicles – nerve fibers gathered in ...
Article
... in the absence of sensory feedback [1–3], and are found in many species including insects and mammals, sharing many similarities [4, 5]. CPG networks underlying locomotion exhibit features common to many neural circuits, such as spatio-temporal coordination and flexibility. Each cycle of motor outpu ...
... in the absence of sensory feedback [1–3], and are found in many species including insects and mammals, sharing many similarities [4, 5]. CPG networks underlying locomotion exhibit features common to many neural circuits, such as spatio-temporal coordination and flexibility. Each cycle of motor outpu ...
Table of Contents
... Myelin sheath – protects & speeds up transmission Terminal Button – end of axon; secretes neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters – chemical messengers Synapse – point at which neurons interconnect ...
... Myelin sheath – protects & speeds up transmission Terminal Button – end of axon; secretes neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters – chemical messengers Synapse – point at which neurons interconnect ...
Molecular and morphological analyses of basal forebrain
... The brain is composed of billions of highly organized glial cells and neurons that receive, integrate, store and export information to interconnected subpopulations of neurons. It is the command center of the organism that processes a wide variety of sensorimotor stimuli and higher executive functio ...
... The brain is composed of billions of highly organized glial cells and neurons that receive, integrate, store and export information to interconnected subpopulations of neurons. It is the command center of the organism that processes a wide variety of sensorimotor stimuli and higher executive functio ...
No Slide Title
... in receptors to the destination in the sensory areas of the brain – first order neurons – detect stimulus and transmit signal to spinal cord or brainstem – second order neurons – continues to the thalamus at the upper end of the brainstem – third order neurons – carries the signal the rest of the wa ...
... in receptors to the destination in the sensory areas of the brain – first order neurons – detect stimulus and transmit signal to spinal cord or brainstem – second order neurons – continues to the thalamus at the upper end of the brainstem – third order neurons – carries the signal the rest of the wa ...
chapt13_lecture
... in receptors to the destination in the sensory areas of the brain – first order neurons – detect stimulus and transmit signal to spinal cord or brainstem – second order neurons – continues to the thalamus at the upper end of the brainstem – third order neurons – carries the signal the rest of the wa ...
... in receptors to the destination in the sensory areas of the brain – first order neurons – detect stimulus and transmit signal to spinal cord or brainstem – second order neurons – continues to the thalamus at the upper end of the brainstem – third order neurons – carries the signal the rest of the wa ...
Bilateral communication between
... the MN in the middle of the arm, whereas in type III, the lateral root fibres of the MN pass along the MCN and after some distance, leave it to form the lateral root of the MN. In type IV, the MCN fibres join the lateral root of the MN and after some distance the MCN arises from the MN. In type V, t ...
... the MN in the middle of the arm, whereas in type III, the lateral root fibres of the MN pass along the MCN and after some distance, leave it to form the lateral root of the MN. In type IV, the MCN fibres join the lateral root of the MN and after some distance the MCN arises from the MN. In type V, t ...
Can regenerating axons recapitulate developmental
... completed22. However, differences in their distribution, especially after CNS injury, present regenerating axons with a drastically altered signalling environment. Of more than 50 guidance factors and receptors included in our search of the literature, the majority maintains some expression in the a ...
... completed22. However, differences in their distribution, especially after CNS injury, present regenerating axons with a drastically altered signalling environment. Of more than 50 guidance factors and receptors included in our search of the literature, the majority maintains some expression in the a ...
mechanism of action of atypical antipsychotic drugs
... DA neurons in the substantia nigra, which project to the dorsal striatum, sparing those of the A10 ventral tegmentum, which project to the cortex and mesolimbic systems (12). The subsequent evidence that clozapine, compared to neuroleptic drugs such as haloperidol, had at least six advantages in add ...
... DA neurons in the substantia nigra, which project to the dorsal striatum, sparing those of the A10 ventral tegmentum, which project to the cortex and mesolimbic systems (12). The subsequent evidence that clozapine, compared to neuroleptic drugs such as haloperidol, had at least six advantages in add ...
microcircuits in the striatum striatal cell types and their
... extremely phasic or episodic bursty pattern of activity with a low mean firing rate. The up and down states are known to result from synchronous phasic inputs from large numbers of cortical and/or thalamic neurons that interact with a a strong, fast inward rectifier and an outward rectifier (Gerfen ...
... extremely phasic or episodic bursty pattern of activity with a low mean firing rate. The up and down states are known to result from synchronous phasic inputs from large numbers of cortical and/or thalamic neurons that interact with a a strong, fast inward rectifier and an outward rectifier (Gerfen ...
PDF - Bellen Lab
... ROP/Munc-18 binding display increased neurotransmitter release, suggesting that ROP inhibits neurosecretion through its interaction with syntaxin. Syntaxin mutations that block Ca21 channel binding also cause an increase in neurotransmitter release, suggesting that syntaxin normally functions in inh ...
... ROP/Munc-18 binding display increased neurotransmitter release, suggesting that ROP inhibits neurosecretion through its interaction with syntaxin. Syntaxin mutations that block Ca21 channel binding also cause an increase in neurotransmitter release, suggesting that syntaxin normally functions in inh ...
Structural Correlates of Efficient GABAergic Transmission in the
... GABAergic pathway that establishes synaptic contacts exclusively via multiple synapses. Axon terminals of the nigrothalamic pathway formed, on average, 8.5 synapses on large-diameter dendrites and somata of relay cells in the ventromedial nucleus of the rat thalamus. All synapses of a given terminal ...
... GABAergic pathway that establishes synaptic contacts exclusively via multiple synapses. Axon terminals of the nigrothalamic pathway formed, on average, 8.5 synapses on large-diameter dendrites and somata of relay cells in the ventromedial nucleus of the rat thalamus. All synapses of a given terminal ...
Chapter 14 - MDC Faculty Home Pages
... • Prompt use of steroids after injury – May preserve muscle function • Early antibiotics – Have reduced number of deaths due to pulmonary and urinary infections • Neural stem cells – May be used in future to regenerate CNS axons ...
... • Prompt use of steroids after injury – May preserve muscle function • Early antibiotics – Have reduced number of deaths due to pulmonary and urinary infections • Neural stem cells – May be used in future to regenerate CNS axons ...
Opposite Functions of Histamine H1 and H2 Receptors and H3
... conductance, monitored with 10-mV voltage pulses, was also significantly increased from 5.32 ⫾ 0.46 nS under control to 7.21 ⫾ 0.75 nS (n ⫽ 19, P ⬍ 0.01) during histamine application, suggesting an opening of ion channels. Voltage ramp experiments revealed that histamine increased the whole cell cur ...
... conductance, monitored with 10-mV voltage pulses, was also significantly increased from 5.32 ⫾ 0.46 nS under control to 7.21 ⫾ 0.75 nS (n ⫽ 19, P ⬍ 0.01) during histamine application, suggesting an opening of ion channels. Voltage ramp experiments revealed that histamine increased the whole cell cur ...
Synaptic pathways and inhibitory gates in the spinal cord dorsal horn
... high-threshold sensory afferent fibers allowed us to investigate the excitatory synaptic inputs onto GABAergic inhibitory neurons.17 A subclass of EGFP positive GABAergic neurons had low threshold, A fiber input as well as input from highthreshold fibers (A␦ and/or C). For example, the data shown i ...
... high-threshold sensory afferent fibers allowed us to investigate the excitatory synaptic inputs onto GABAergic inhibitory neurons.17 A subclass of EGFP positive GABAergic neurons had low threshold, A fiber input as well as input from highthreshold fibers (A␦ and/or C). For example, the data shown i ...
Non-NMDA and NMDA receptors transmit area postrema input to
... one were polysynaptically activated by ADN stimulation. The mean onset latency for AP-evoked action potentials was 10.1 6 3.4 (mean 6 SD) ms. As we have previously shown for NTS neurons receiving combined AP and ADN inputs (5), ADN stimulation evoked action potentials having either a long-onset late ...
... one were polysynaptically activated by ADN stimulation. The mean onset latency for AP-evoked action potentials was 10.1 6 3.4 (mean 6 SD) ms. As we have previously shown for NTS neurons receiving combined AP and ADN inputs (5), ADN stimulation evoked action potentials having either a long-onset late ...
optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor
... intimate relationship with the motor periphery. It receives a rich mixture of sensory feedback from the motor periphery, with many neurons responding strongly to passive joint movements or skin contact. Most descending signals from the cortex pass through spinal interneurons53. However, some neurons ...
... intimate relationship with the motor periphery. It receives a rich mixture of sensory feedback from the motor periphery, with many neurons responding strongly to passive joint movements or skin contact. Most descending signals from the cortex pass through spinal interneurons53. However, some neurons ...
Spiking Neurons - Computing Science and Mathematics
... of spikes emitted by the receptor neuron increaseswith the force applied to the muscle. Another textbook example is the touch receptor in the leech [Kandel and Schwartz, 1991] . The stronger the touch stimulus , the more spikes occur during a stimulation period of 500 ms. These classical results sho ...
... of spikes emitted by the receptor neuron increaseswith the force applied to the muscle. Another textbook example is the touch receptor in the leech [Kandel and Schwartz, 1991] . The stronger the touch stimulus , the more spikes occur during a stimulation period of 500 ms. These classical results sho ...
Solving the Distal Reward Problem through
... suggested by Montague et al. (2004). In the simulations below, we take sd = 0.2 s, which is greater than the experimentally measured time constant of DA uptake in striatum (around 0.1 s, Wightman and Zimmerman 1990; Garris et al. 1994) but smaller than that in the prefrontal cortex (seconds, see Cas ...
... suggested by Montague et al. (2004). In the simulations below, we take sd = 0.2 s, which is greater than the experimentally measured time constant of DA uptake in striatum (around 0.1 s, Wightman and Zimmerman 1990; Garris et al. 1994) but smaller than that in the prefrontal cortex (seconds, see Cas ...
Multifunctional Laryngeal Premotor Neurons: Their Activities during
... phase). The membrane potential repolarized transiently after this depolarization Figure 1. A, Scheme of the dorsal view of the brainstem and spinal cord with the arrangement of the stimulating and recording (expulsive phase), then depolarized again electrodes used in this experiment. The right panel ...
... phase). The membrane potential repolarized transiently after this depolarization Figure 1. A, Scheme of the dorsal view of the brainstem and spinal cord with the arrangement of the stimulating and recording (expulsive phase), then depolarized again electrodes used in this experiment. The right panel ...
Neuromuscular junction
A neuromuscular junction (sometimes called a myoneural junction) is a junction between nerve and muscle; it is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron and the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber. It is at the neuromuscular junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction.Muscles require innervation to function—and even just to maintain muscle tone, avoiding atrophy. Synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction begins when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron, which activates voltage-dependent calcium channels to allow calcium ions to enter the neuron. Calcium ions bind to sensor proteins (synaptotagmin) on synaptic vesicles, triggering vesicle fusion with the cell membrane and subsequent neurotransmitter release from the motor neuron into the synaptic cleft. In vertebrates, motor neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), a small molecule neurotransmitter, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on the cell membrane of the muscle fiber, also known as the sarcolemma. nAChRs are ionotropic receptors, meaning they serve as ligand-gated ion channels. The binding of ACh to the receptor can depolarize the muscle fiber, causing a cascade that eventually results in muscle contraction.Neuromuscular junction diseases can be of genetic and autoimmune origin. Genetic disorders, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, can arise from mutated structural proteins that comprise the neuromuscular junction, whereas autoimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis, occur when antibodies are produced against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the sarcolemma.