Taste and Smell - Baldwin County Public Schools
... • different receptors respond preferentially to 1 of the 4 basic tastes • taste receptors are differentially distributed across the tongue • specific pathway theory -- nerve fiber responds to only one taste ...
... • different receptors respond preferentially to 1 of the 4 basic tastes • taste receptors are differentially distributed across the tongue • specific pathway theory -- nerve fiber responds to only one taste ...
THE YIN AND YANG OF NEUROTROPHIN ACTION
... survival, whereas binding of proNGF to p75NTR leads to apoptosis. A recent study showed that proBDNF also induces neuronal apoptosis by activating p75NTR REF. 13. Finally, proNGF and proBDNF can be cleaved in vitro by extracellular proteases, such as matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7) and plasmin, ...
... survival, whereas binding of proNGF to p75NTR leads to apoptosis. A recent study showed that proBDNF also induces neuronal apoptosis by activating p75NTR REF. 13. Finally, proNGF and proBDNF can be cleaved in vitro by extracellular proteases, such as matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7) and plasmin, ...
ch_12_lecture_presentation
... • Learning Outcomes • 12-7 Describe the structure of a synapse, and explain the mechanism involved in synaptic activity. • 12-8 Describe the major types of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, and discuss their effects on postsynaptic membranes. ...
... • Learning Outcomes • 12-7 Describe the structure of a synapse, and explain the mechanism involved in synaptic activity. • 12-8 Describe the major types of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, and discuss their effects on postsynaptic membranes. ...
Blepharospasm
... the eyelids. Typically, this is due to spasm of the orbicularis oculi (OO) muscles. Involuntary closure of the eyelids can also be caused by failure of levator contraction, a condition known as apraxia of lid opening or motor persistence of the OO muscles. [1] [2] These two conditions may coexist. I ...
... the eyelids. Typically, this is due to spasm of the orbicularis oculi (OO) muscles. Involuntary closure of the eyelids can also be caused by failure of levator contraction, a condition known as apraxia of lid opening or motor persistence of the OO muscles. [1] [2] These two conditions may coexist. I ...
Propagated Signaling: The Action Potential
... measure of the current flowing across the membrane (Box 9-1). Using the voltage-clamp technique, Hodgkin and Huxley provided the first complete description of the ionic mechanismsunderlying the action potential. One advantage of the voltage clamp is that it readily allows the total membrane current ...
... measure of the current flowing across the membrane (Box 9-1). Using the voltage-clamp technique, Hodgkin and Huxley provided the first complete description of the ionic mechanismsunderlying the action potential. One advantage of the voltage clamp is that it readily allows the total membrane current ...
Regulation of thalamocortical axon branching by BDNF and synaptic vesicle cycling
... clathrin-dependent endocytosis might be important for axon development. The aim of this work is to determine if BDNF affects axon branching in the thalamocortical projection and to investigate whether synaptic vesicle cycling might influence this component of development. We demonstrate that exogenou ...
... clathrin-dependent endocytosis might be important for axon development. The aim of this work is to determine if BDNF affects axon branching in the thalamocortical projection and to investigate whether synaptic vesicle cycling might influence this component of development. We demonstrate that exogenou ...
The Superior Olivary Nucleus and Its Influence on Nucleus
... Haer) with tip diameter of 0.5 mm were used for extracellular stimulation. In one experimental configuration, the electrode was placed at the fiber tract from N L and NA to the SON at a distance of 0.5–1 mm away from the SON to study the postsynaptic responses of SON cells. In another experimental c ...
... Haer) with tip diameter of 0.5 mm were used for extracellular stimulation. In one experimental configuration, the electrode was placed at the fiber tract from N L and NA to the SON at a distance of 0.5–1 mm away from the SON to study the postsynaptic responses of SON cells. In another experimental c ...
Unit One: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
... in Other Instances by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems ...
... in Other Instances by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems ...
An Introduction to the ANS and Higher
... • Parasympathetic Division • Preganglionic fibers originate in brain stem and sacral segments of spinal cord; craniosacral • Synapse in ganglia close to (or within) target organs • Preganglionic fibers are long • Postganglionic fibers are short • Parasympathetic division stimulates visceral activity ...
... • Parasympathetic Division • Preganglionic fibers originate in brain stem and sacral segments of spinal cord; craniosacral • Synapse in ganglia close to (or within) target organs • Preganglionic fibers are long • Postganglionic fibers are short • Parasympathetic division stimulates visceral activity ...
Spike-timing dependent plasticity and the cognitive map
... Each place cell continually receives external inhibitory input drawn from a normal distribution with mean Iinh = −15(1 − θ) and standard deviation σinh = 2, where θ is a dynamic variable representing the hypothetical LFP which oscillates sinusoidally in the range (0:1) at a rate of 8 Hz throughout a ...
... Each place cell continually receives external inhibitory input drawn from a normal distribution with mean Iinh = −15(1 − θ) and standard deviation σinh = 2, where θ is a dynamic variable representing the hypothetical LFP which oscillates sinusoidally in the range (0:1) at a rate of 8 Hz throughout a ...
Ectopic sensory neurons in mutant cockroaches
... of the glomerulus, while M has only two dorsally directed branches. M gives rise to 4 or 5 large medial branches which, along with the main axon, curve around the medial border of the glomerulus and, together with the dorsal branches, arborize profusely around the dorsal margin of the posterior half ...
... of the glomerulus, while M has only two dorsally directed branches. M gives rise to 4 or 5 large medial branches which, along with the main axon, curve around the medial border of the glomerulus and, together with the dorsal branches, arborize profusely around the dorsal margin of the posterior half ...
BDNF-induced local protein synthesis and synaptic
... domain-containing adaptor protein, type 1; GRIP1, glutamate receptor-interacting protein 1; HFS, high-frequency stimulation; hnRNP, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein; IEG, immediate-early genes; IP3, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate; IRES, internal ribosomal entry site; LIMK1, LIM domain kinase 1; ...
... domain-containing adaptor protein, type 1; GRIP1, glutamate receptor-interacting protein 1; HFS, high-frequency stimulation; hnRNP, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein; IEG, immediate-early genes; IP3, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate; IRES, internal ribosomal entry site; LIMK1, LIM domain kinase 1; ...
Time-delay-induced phase-transition to synchrony in coupled
... comparable to time-scales of neuronal oscillations are known to have significant effects in the ensemble activity of neurons. Thus, in modeling studies of neurons and networks, the influence of time delays on the ensemble activity has received a great deal of attention recently.4–16 In networks of c ...
... comparable to time-scales of neuronal oscillations are known to have significant effects in the ensemble activity of neurons. Thus, in modeling studies of neurons and networks, the influence of time delays on the ensemble activity has received a great deal of attention recently.4–16 In networks of c ...
J Darnell, KH2 domain I304N RGG G
... (epsp size used to measure synapse formation; EM confirmation as well as visible varicosities; when a different target neuron is co-cultured these varicosities don’t form full synaptic specialization) Presynaptic growth is not affected by Ab; synapse-formation specific effect Sensorin increases MAPK ...
... (epsp size used to measure synapse formation; EM confirmation as well as visible varicosities; when a different target neuron is co-cultured these varicosities don’t form full synaptic specialization) Presynaptic growth is not affected by Ab; synapse-formation specific effect Sensorin increases MAPK ...
Passive Properties of Swimmeret Motor Neurons
... either oscillating or oscillating and firing in phase with the swimmeret motor pattern had lower average membrane potentials and longer time constants than those that were not oscillating. When the state of the swimmeret system changed from quiescence to continuous production of the motor pattern, t ...
... either oscillating or oscillating and firing in phase with the swimmeret motor pattern had lower average membrane potentials and longer time constants than those that were not oscillating. When the state of the swimmeret system changed from quiescence to continuous production of the motor pattern, t ...
LYRICA (pregabalin) eLearning System
... The somatic (or voluntary) nervous system allows interaction with the external environment. Its functions — such as movement of skeletal muscles — are under an individual's control. These nervous system divisions are schematically illustrated in Figure 1C. Figure 1C: Voluntary and Involuntary Nervou ...
... The somatic (or voluntary) nervous system allows interaction with the external environment. Its functions — such as movement of skeletal muscles — are under an individual's control. These nervous system divisions are schematically illustrated in Figure 1C. Figure 1C: Voluntary and Involuntary Nervou ...
The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of the rat
... their shafts were examined in serial thin sections. Reconstructions showed these dendrites varied in thickness between 2.5 and 0.5 [zm. They had essentially smooth contours and rarely showed evidence of protrusions or spines. They were further characterized by the presence of many synapses along the ...
... their shafts were examined in serial thin sections. Reconstructions showed these dendrites varied in thickness between 2.5 and 0.5 [zm. They had essentially smooth contours and rarely showed evidence of protrusions or spines. They were further characterized by the presence of many synapses along the ...
Umami, a taste unto itself
... These subunits activate an intracellular membrane-bound enzyme, phospholipase C2. This enzyme in turn cleaves PIP2 into IP3 and diacylglycerol. IP3 is a diffusible messenger that migrates through the cytosol to intracellular caches of calcium, typically endoplasmic reticulum. IP3 acts on its own rec ...
... These subunits activate an intracellular membrane-bound enzyme, phospholipase C2. This enzyme in turn cleaves PIP2 into IP3 and diacylglycerol. IP3 is a diffusible messenger that migrates through the cytosol to intracellular caches of calcium, typically endoplasmic reticulum. IP3 acts on its own rec ...
Information Processing at the Calyx of Held Under Natural Conditions
... Furthermore, calyx of Held synapses are chronically active emphin vivo due to spontaneous activity in the auditory brainstem. Here we test synaptic responses to complex stimulation protocols mimicking periods of low and high activity, as well as protocols derived from natural sound clips. Additional ...
... Furthermore, calyx of Held synapses are chronically active emphin vivo due to spontaneous activity in the auditory brainstem. Here we test synaptic responses to complex stimulation protocols mimicking periods of low and high activity, as well as protocols derived from natural sound clips. Additional ...
Nervous Tissue
... Resting Membrane Potential In neurons, the resting membrane potential ranges from – ...
... Resting Membrane Potential In neurons, the resting membrane potential ranges from – ...
Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
... The stimulus (the tap on the patellar tendon) initiates contraction of the quadriceps femoris muscle and extension of the knee joint. ...
... The stimulus (the tap on the patellar tendon) initiates contraction of the quadriceps femoris muscle and extension of the knee joint. ...
Chapter 14 PowerPoint - Hillsborough Community College
... • Major neurotransmitters of ANS are acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE) – Ach (same as ACh used by somatic motor neuron) is released by cholinergic fibers at: • All ANS preganglionic axons and • All parasympathetic postganglionic axons ...
... • Major neurotransmitters of ANS are acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE) – Ach (same as ACh used by somatic motor neuron) is released by cholinergic fibers at: • All ANS preganglionic axons and • All parasympathetic postganglionic axons ...
Neuromuscular junction
A neuromuscular junction (sometimes called a myoneural junction) is a junction between nerve and muscle; it is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron and the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber. It is at the neuromuscular junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction.Muscles require innervation to function—and even just to maintain muscle tone, avoiding atrophy. Synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction begins when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron, which activates voltage-dependent calcium channels to allow calcium ions to enter the neuron. Calcium ions bind to sensor proteins (synaptotagmin) on synaptic vesicles, triggering vesicle fusion with the cell membrane and subsequent neurotransmitter release from the motor neuron into the synaptic cleft. In vertebrates, motor neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), a small molecule neurotransmitter, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on the cell membrane of the muscle fiber, also known as the sarcolemma. nAChRs are ionotropic receptors, meaning they serve as ligand-gated ion channels. The binding of ACh to the receptor can depolarize the muscle fiber, causing a cascade that eventually results in muscle contraction.Neuromuscular junction diseases can be of genetic and autoimmune origin. Genetic disorders, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, can arise from mutated structural proteins that comprise the neuromuscular junction, whereas autoimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis, occur when antibodies are produced against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the sarcolemma.