Glia–Neuron Interactions in Nervous System Function
... There are three broad possibilities concerning the roles of glia in the nervous system: (1) they may have no role, (2) they may have a role that is completely independent of the neurons with which they physically associate, or (3) they might function in concert with neurons to perform nervous system ...
... There are three broad possibilities concerning the roles of glia in the nervous system: (1) they may have no role, (2) they may have a role that is completely independent of the neurons with which they physically associate, or (3) they might function in concert with neurons to perform nervous system ...
Thomas C. Südhof - Nobel Lecture Slides
... 1. Synaptobrevin, SNAP-25, and syntaxin are substrates for tetanus & botulinum toxins (C. Montecucco + R. Jahn laboratories; 1992/1993) 2. Synaptobrevin, SNAP-25, and syntaxin form a complex, known as SNARE complex (J. Rothman laboratory; 1993) 3. Munc18 binds to SNAREs and is homologous to Unc18 an ...
... 1. Synaptobrevin, SNAP-25, and syntaxin are substrates for tetanus & botulinum toxins (C. Montecucco + R. Jahn laboratories; 1992/1993) 2. Synaptobrevin, SNAP-25, and syntaxin form a complex, known as SNARE complex (J. Rothman laboratory; 1993) 3. Munc18 binds to SNAREs and is homologous to Unc18 an ...
Making Mirrors: Premotor Cortex Stimulation
... a movement involving a different muscle. After such training, action observation enhances MEPs from the nonmatching muscle (Catmur, Walsh, & Heyes, 2007). It is not known whether these counter-mirror effects involve the same brain areas that are involved in mirror effects. A demonstration that coun ...
... a movement involving a different muscle. After such training, action observation enhances MEPs from the nonmatching muscle (Catmur, Walsh, & Heyes, 2007). It is not known whether these counter-mirror effects involve the same brain areas that are involved in mirror effects. A demonstration that coun ...
table of contents
... inorganic phosphate, Pi) can also contribute to fatigue. While Pi is a positive regulator of glycolytic activity (99), due to several different mechanisms, the accumulation of phosphate can be detrimental to force development and, therefore, contribute to the development of fatigue. Firstly, Pi may ...
... inorganic phosphate, Pi) can also contribute to fatigue. While Pi is a positive regulator of glycolytic activity (99), due to several different mechanisms, the accumulation of phosphate can be detrimental to force development and, therefore, contribute to the development of fatigue. Firstly, Pi may ...
Activity of Defined Mushroom Body Output Neurons
... the MB lobes and is consistent with a role as potential output neurons that pool KC synaptic weights. The genomic fragment used to create the VT1211-GAL4 line (Bidaye et al., 2014) comes from a region that is proximal to the gene for the vesicular glutamate transporter (DVGlut) (Daniels et al., 2008 ...
... the MB lobes and is consistent with a role as potential output neurons that pool KC synaptic weights. The genomic fragment used to create the VT1211-GAL4 line (Bidaye et al., 2014) comes from a region that is proximal to the gene for the vesicular glutamate transporter (DVGlut) (Daniels et al., 2008 ...
How Inhibition Shapes Cortical Activity
... receptor-mediated currents. In other words, activation of GABAA receptors may not change the membrane potential or even generate a depolarization and still reduce neuronal excitability. Membrane pumps, by setting intracellular Cl concentration, play a critical role in regulating the reversal potenti ...
... receptor-mediated currents. In other words, activation of GABAA receptors may not change the membrane potential or even generate a depolarization and still reduce neuronal excitability. Membrane pumps, by setting intracellular Cl concentration, play a critical role in regulating the reversal potenti ...
Hybrid Scheme for Modeling Local Field Potentials from Point
... conservation, the sum of all transmembrane currents, including all ionic and capacitive currents, must be zero for each neuron. In a point-neuron model, all transmembrane currents are collapsed in a single point in space. The net transmembrane current, and hence the extracellular potential, therefor ...
... conservation, the sum of all transmembrane currents, including all ionic and capacitive currents, must be zero for each neuron. In a point-neuron model, all transmembrane currents are collapsed in a single point in space. The net transmembrane current, and hence the extracellular potential, therefor ...
Amyloid-Beta Induced Changes in Vesicular Transport of BDNF in
... provide insights into the cellular mechanism underlying, for example, Alzheimer’s disease (AD). To analyze the role of BDNF transport in AD, live cell imaging of fluorescently labeled BDNF was performed in hippocampal neurons of different AD model systems. BDNF and APP colocalized with low incidence ...
... provide insights into the cellular mechanism underlying, for example, Alzheimer’s disease (AD). To analyze the role of BDNF transport in AD, live cell imaging of fluorescently labeled BDNF was performed in hippocampal neurons of different AD model systems. BDNF and APP colocalized with low incidence ...
studies on the development and organisation of the nervous system
... Growth cones in vitro Growth cones are generally spread out, lamellar structures, which often extend fine microspikes, or filopodia (Letourneau, 1983). They mover over surfaces and as they move thevarious lamellar and filopodial extensions are retracted and new ones are extended out, so that the ove ...
... Growth cones in vitro Growth cones are generally spread out, lamellar structures, which often extend fine microspikes, or filopodia (Letourneau, 1983). They mover over surfaces and as they move thevarious lamellar and filopodial extensions are retracted and new ones are extended out, so that the ove ...
Autonomous and nonautonomous functions for Hox/Pbx in
... 2002; Jessen et al., 2002). However, since other components of the PCP pathway do not affect facial motor neuron migration, the mechanism by which tri/stb mediates migration remains uncertain. It is also unclear how the disruption of Hox patterning affects this process on a cellular level. Similarly ...
... 2002; Jessen et al., 2002). However, since other components of the PCP pathway do not affect facial motor neuron migration, the mechanism by which tri/stb mediates migration remains uncertain. It is also unclear how the disruption of Hox patterning affects this process on a cellular level. Similarly ...
themes - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
... smooth muscle strips elicits a biphasic response that consists of inhibition followed by a rebound contraction. In smooth muscles that have no basal tone, inhibition is expressed only as a latency period during the period of nerve stimulation. Contraction of smooth muscle follows the end of a prolon ...
... smooth muscle strips elicits a biphasic response that consists of inhibition followed by a rebound contraction. In smooth muscles that have no basal tone, inhibition is expressed only as a latency period during the period of nerve stimulation. Contraction of smooth muscle follows the end of a prolon ...
- D-Scholarship@Pitt
... they begin to form relatively crude functional connections. These initial connections undergo substantial synaptic rearrangements during development, which result in precise, mature neuronal circuitry. In many parts of the nervous system, elimination of exuberant inputs is a key process of developme ...
... they begin to form relatively crude functional connections. These initial connections undergo substantial synaptic rearrangements during development, which result in precise, mature neuronal circuitry. In many parts of the nervous system, elimination of exuberant inputs is a key process of developme ...
Predictions not commands: active inference in the motor system
... as a generalisation of predictive coding, in which movement is considered to suppress proprioceptive prediction error. We discuss how active inference could have important implications for the organisation of the motor system, and illustrate the implicit mechanisms using the classical ‘knee-jerk’ re ...
... as a generalisation of predictive coding, in which movement is considered to suppress proprioceptive prediction error. We discuss how active inference could have important implications for the organisation of the motor system, and illustrate the implicit mechanisms using the classical ‘knee-jerk’ re ...
Immunohistochemical description of the endogenous cannabinoid
... frozen, and cut into 40-m-thick-transverse or sagittal sections using a sliding microtome. We then collected 19 alternate series of sections from each rat brain to process the seven antibodies and Nissl staining. Free-floating sections were first incubated in H2O distilled containing 50 mM sodium cit ...
... frozen, and cut into 40-m-thick-transverse or sagittal sections using a sliding microtome. We then collected 19 alternate series of sections from each rat brain to process the seven antibodies and Nissl staining. Free-floating sections were first incubated in H2O distilled containing 50 mM sodium cit ...
Nucleus Accumbens Medium Spiny Neurons Target Non
... Injection sites were fixed in 4% formaldehyde, and coronal sections In horizontal midbrain slices containing the VTA, we found (50 m) containing the injection site were prepared using a sliding mistrong fluorescence in fibers but not in cell bodies (Fig. 2 A), crotome. Slices were preblocked in 10% ...
... Injection sites were fixed in 4% formaldehyde, and coronal sections In horizontal midbrain slices containing the VTA, we found (50 m) containing the injection site were prepared using a sliding mistrong fluorescence in fibers but not in cell bodies (Fig. 2 A), crotome. Slices were preblocked in 10% ...
NERVE INJURIES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY STACY RUDNICKI, MD ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF
... Differentiating b/w radicular disease and focal tibial neuropathy • Back pain that radiates into the leg highly suggestive of radicular process • Tibial nerve also innervates the foot inverters yet these are spared • Spontaneous (ie not associated with penentrating trauma) tibial neuropathies would ...
... Differentiating b/w radicular disease and focal tibial neuropathy • Back pain that radiates into the leg highly suggestive of radicular process • Tibial nerve also innervates the foot inverters yet these are spared • Spontaneous (ie not associated with penentrating trauma) tibial neuropathies would ...
Neurotransmitters, Drugs and Brain Function Wiley
... through one frog heart to drip onto a second one and establishing that when the first heart was slowed by stimulating its vagus the fluid from it also slowed the second heart when that was reached. Loewi did not identify the chemical, which he called vagustoff, but it was later shown to be acetylcho ...
... through one frog heart to drip onto a second one and establishing that when the first heart was slowed by stimulating its vagus the fluid from it also slowed the second heart when that was reached. Loewi did not identify the chemical, which he called vagustoff, but it was later shown to be acetylcho ...
Olfaction
... any protective barrier and make direct contact with the brain § Contrast with visual receptors that are protected by cornea, hearing receptors protected by eardrum, taste buds are buried in papillae ...
... any protective barrier and make direct contact with the brain § Contrast with visual receptors that are protected by cornea, hearing receptors protected by eardrum, taste buds are buried in papillae ...
Optimal Recall from Bounded Metaplastic Synapses: Predicting
... Wij [f0,1g, is binary, underlying these two ‘overt’ states there is a larger number of ‘hidden’ states, Vij [f1 . . . 2ng, between which the synapse can transition, engendering a form of metaplasticity [21] (Fig. 1B–C). More specifically, we use a model in which synaptic plasticity is stochastic and ...
... Wij [f0,1g, is binary, underlying these two ‘overt’ states there is a larger number of ‘hidden’ states, Vij [f1 . . . 2ng, between which the synapse can transition, engendering a form of metaplasticity [21] (Fig. 1B–C). More specifically, we use a model in which synaptic plasticity is stochastic and ...
A behavioral switch: cGMP and PKC signaling in olfactory neurons
... adaptation, sensitization, and associative learning. A striking change in behavior is caused by starving animals in the presence of NaCl, which is normally an attractive taste. Starvation/salt pairing for as little as ten minutes leads to salt avoidance, a reversal of normal behavior (Tomioka et al. ...
... adaptation, sensitization, and associative learning. A striking change in behavior is caused by starving animals in the presence of NaCl, which is normally an attractive taste. Starvation/salt pairing for as little as ten minutes leads to salt avoidance, a reversal of normal behavior (Tomioka et al. ...
Neuromuscular junction
A neuromuscular junction (sometimes called a myoneural junction) is a junction between nerve and muscle; it is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron and the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber. It is at the neuromuscular junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction.Muscles require innervation to function—and even just to maintain muscle tone, avoiding atrophy. Synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction begins when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron, which activates voltage-dependent calcium channels to allow calcium ions to enter the neuron. Calcium ions bind to sensor proteins (synaptotagmin) on synaptic vesicles, triggering vesicle fusion with the cell membrane and subsequent neurotransmitter release from the motor neuron into the synaptic cleft. In vertebrates, motor neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), a small molecule neurotransmitter, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on the cell membrane of the muscle fiber, also known as the sarcolemma. nAChRs are ionotropic receptors, meaning they serve as ligand-gated ion channels. The binding of ACh to the receptor can depolarize the muscle fiber, causing a cascade that eventually results in muscle contraction.Neuromuscular junction diseases can be of genetic and autoimmune origin. Genetic disorders, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, can arise from mutated structural proteins that comprise the neuromuscular junction, whereas autoimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis, occur when antibodies are produced against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the sarcolemma.