The importance of Wnt signalling for neurodegeneration in
... an intracellular cascade transduced via DVL proteins. This signal leads to the inhibition of a subset of cellular GSK3β, contained within so-called BDCs (β-catenin destruction complexes). The central BDC components axin and APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) are depicted. In consequence, the GSK3β-med ...
... an intracellular cascade transduced via DVL proteins. This signal leads to the inhibition of a subset of cellular GSK3β, contained within so-called BDCs (β-catenin destruction complexes). The central BDC components axin and APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) are depicted. In consequence, the GSK3β-med ...
Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous
... along the axon of a sensory neuron The frequency and pattern of action potentials contain information about the strength, duration, and variation of the stimulus Your perception of the nature of that stimulus depends on the path it takes inside the CNS ...
... along the axon of a sensory neuron The frequency and pattern of action potentials contain information about the strength, duration, and variation of the stimulus Your perception of the nature of that stimulus depends on the path it takes inside the CNS ...
Document
... Cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and thalamus You become aware of the pain but only have a general idea of the area affected Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... Cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and thalamus You become aware of the pain but only have a general idea of the area affected Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
The organization of the central control of micturition in cats and
... during the release of urine, micturition only takes place when the environment is relatively safe. Furthermore, in many animals urine is used as a marker for territorial demarcation or sexual attraction (a female lets the males know that she is in estrus by leaving a scent trace). Thus, micturition ...
... during the release of urine, micturition only takes place when the environment is relatively safe. Furthermore, in many animals urine is used as a marker for territorial demarcation or sexual attraction (a female lets the males know that she is in estrus by leaving a scent trace). Thus, micturition ...
Neural Tissue
... – Intracellular concentration of K+ is high » K+ ions move out of the cell through open K+ channels – Extracellular concentration of Na+ is high » Na+ ions move into the cell. Electrical Gradient – Cell membrane is more permeable to K+ than to Na+ » causes potassium ions to leave the cytoplasm mor ...
... – Intracellular concentration of K+ is high » K+ ions move out of the cell through open K+ channels – Extracellular concentration of Na+ is high » Na+ ions move into the cell. Electrical Gradient – Cell membrane is more permeable to K+ than to Na+ » causes potassium ions to leave the cytoplasm mor ...
Severely dystrophic axons at amyloid plaques
... cortical layer (layer IV) of control mice. Five hundred axons were analysed in both sample groups and the numbers of axodendritic synaptic structures formed by these axons were determined. In case of plaques not only intact-looking synapses were counted but all axodendritic synapse-like connections ...
... cortical layer (layer IV) of control mice. Five hundred axons were analysed in both sample groups and the numbers of axodendritic synaptic structures formed by these axons were determined. In case of plaques not only intact-looking synapses were counted but all axodendritic synapse-like connections ...
Peripheral Nerve Segment Defect Repair
... • Myelin disintegrates and is phagocytised by Schwann cells & macrophages • Empty axon tubules rapidly cleared in anticipation of regenerating axons Molnar, 2004 Lundborg ...
... • Myelin disintegrates and is phagocytised by Schwann cells & macrophages • Empty axon tubules rapidly cleared in anticipation of regenerating axons Molnar, 2004 Lundborg ...
synaptic connections made by axons
... the CNS facilitates the study of axonal growth and connectivity by anatomical and electrophysiological techniques, minimizing undue spread of tracers or ambiguities concerning effective sites of electrical stimulation. For such technical reasons and because axotomy near the neuronal somata is a pre- ...
... the CNS facilitates the study of axonal growth and connectivity by anatomical and electrophysiological techniques, minimizing undue spread of tracers or ambiguities concerning effective sites of electrical stimulation. For such technical reasons and because axotomy near the neuronal somata is a pre- ...
Anticipated synchronization in neuronal circuits
... systems coupled in a master-slave configuration when the slave is subject to a negative delayed self-feedback. Many examples of AS dynamics have been found in different systems, however, theoretical and experimental evidence for it in the brain has been lacking. In this thesis work we investigate th ...
... systems coupled in a master-slave configuration when the slave is subject to a negative delayed self-feedback. Many examples of AS dynamics have been found in different systems, however, theoretical and experimental evidence for it in the brain has been lacking. In this thesis work we investigate th ...
Endocrine Physiology Posterior pituitary hormones
... Both hormones are produced in hypothalamic nuclei: - Supraoptic nucleus (ADH + 1/6 oxytocin) - Paraventricular nucleus (Oxytocin + 1/6 ADH) ...
... Both hormones are produced in hypothalamic nuclei: - Supraoptic nucleus (ADH + 1/6 oxytocin) - Paraventricular nucleus (Oxytocin + 1/6 ADH) ...
Computing with Spiking Neuron Networks
... of other neurons, the dendrites (see Figure 1, left view). At the end of the axon, synapses connect one neuron to another, and at the arrival of each individual spike, the synapses may release neurotransmitters along the synaptic cleft. These neurotransmitters are taken up by the neuron at the recei ...
... of other neurons, the dendrites (see Figure 1, left view). At the end of the axon, synapses connect one neuron to another, and at the arrival of each individual spike, the synapses may release neurotransmitters along the synaptic cleft. These neurotransmitters are taken up by the neuron at the recei ...
Calcium homeostasis in aging neurons
... state, resulting in the fusion of apposing membranes and the release of neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitter release occurs in two phases: a fast synchronous (phasic) component and a slow asynchronous (tonic) component (Hubbard, 1963; Barrett and Stevens, 1972; Rahamimoff and Yaari, 1973; Goda and Ste ...
... state, resulting in the fusion of apposing membranes and the release of neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitter release occurs in two phases: a fast synchronous (phasic) component and a slow asynchronous (tonic) component (Hubbard, 1963; Barrett and Stevens, 1972; Rahamimoff and Yaari, 1973; Goda and Ste ...
Single unit and extracellular firing rate recordings in vivo
... Acutely isolated hypothalamic neurons were prepared from the brains of 22-28 days old male Wistar rats (n = 6) or 21-60 days old male129/Sv mice (n = 4). Transverse slices containing the TM region were cut and incubated for 1 hour in a solution containing (mM): NaCl 125, KCl 3.7, CaCl2 1.0, MgCl2 1. ...
... Acutely isolated hypothalamic neurons were prepared from the brains of 22-28 days old male Wistar rats (n = 6) or 21-60 days old male129/Sv mice (n = 4). Transverse slices containing the TM region were cut and incubated for 1 hour in a solution containing (mM): NaCl 125, KCl 3.7, CaCl2 1.0, MgCl2 1. ...
mecp2 and the epigenetic regulation of excitatory synaptic
... plasticity in the brain. For example, extensive research has established multiple interdependent activities of the transcriptional activator cyclic-AMP-response element binding protein (CREB) and synaptic transmission. Expression levels of CREB have been shown to regulate certain types of late long- ...
... plasticity in the brain. For example, extensive research has established multiple interdependent activities of the transcriptional activator cyclic-AMP-response element binding protein (CREB) and synaptic transmission. Expression levels of CREB have been shown to regulate certain types of late long- ...
Surgical principles of peripheral nerve repair
... Plain of dissection: internal epineurium Not to damage perineurium Used for preparation of nerve ends for grafting, dissection of neuroma in continuity & benign nerve sheath tumor ...
... Plain of dissection: internal epineurium Not to damage perineurium Used for preparation of nerve ends for grafting, dissection of neuroma in continuity & benign nerve sheath tumor ...
The diaphragm: two physiological muscles in one
... However, gastrointestinal physiologists are becoming increasingly aware of the value of this muscle in helping to stop gastric contents from refluxing into the oesophagus. The diaphragm should be viewed as two distinct muscles, crural and costal, which act in synchrony throughout respiration. Howeve ...
... However, gastrointestinal physiologists are becoming increasingly aware of the value of this muscle in helping to stop gastric contents from refluxing into the oesophagus. The diaphragm should be viewed as two distinct muscles, crural and costal, which act in synchrony throughout respiration. Howeve ...
Voluntary Movement: The Primary Motor Cortex
... During each episode the seizures always spread to different body parts in a fixed temporal sequence that varied from patient to patient, a pattern called Jacksonian march. Jackson concluded that paroxysmal neural activity generated by epileptic foci located near the central sulcus caused the involun ...
... During each episode the seizures always spread to different body parts in a fixed temporal sequence that varied from patient to patient, a pattern called Jacksonian march. Jackson concluded that paroxysmal neural activity generated by epileptic foci located near the central sulcus caused the involun ...
How do dendrites take their shape?
... With their great complexity and variety, dendrites (Fig. 1) are wonders of nature’s design. Built to receive and integrate inputs to neurons, dendrites occupy much of the brain’s volume and have been the subject of studies since the days of Golgi and Cajal1. Over the course of much of the twentieth ...
... With their great complexity and variety, dendrites (Fig. 1) are wonders of nature’s design. Built to receive and integrate inputs to neurons, dendrites occupy much of the brain’s volume and have been the subject of studies since the days of Golgi and Cajal1. Over the course of much of the twentieth ...
ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE CHAINS
... This result is expressed in graphic form in the diagram at the bottom of Fig. 3. The fiber marked f belongs to the posterior longitudinal bundle and is supposed to reach a motoneuron eventually engaged in the response to the F shocks. i.l., i.2., i.3., and i.4. are those few internuncial pathways wh ...
... This result is expressed in graphic form in the diagram at the bottom of Fig. 3. The fiber marked f belongs to the posterior longitudinal bundle and is supposed to reach a motoneuron eventually engaged in the response to the F shocks. i.l., i.2., i.3., and i.4. are those few internuncial pathways wh ...
The Motor System
... Imaging report: The CT image reveals a mass producing impingement of the lateral region of the right lateral column of the spinal cord at L1. What signs and symptoms would be expected from this lesion? ...
... Imaging report: The CT image reveals a mass producing impingement of the lateral region of the right lateral column of the spinal cord at L1. What signs and symptoms would be expected from this lesion? ...
Neuromuscular junction
A neuromuscular junction (sometimes called a myoneural junction) is a junction between nerve and muscle; it is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron and the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber. It is at the neuromuscular junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction.Muscles require innervation to function—and even just to maintain muscle tone, avoiding atrophy. Synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction begins when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron, which activates voltage-dependent calcium channels to allow calcium ions to enter the neuron. Calcium ions bind to sensor proteins (synaptotagmin) on synaptic vesicles, triggering vesicle fusion with the cell membrane and subsequent neurotransmitter release from the motor neuron into the synaptic cleft. In vertebrates, motor neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), a small molecule neurotransmitter, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on the cell membrane of the muscle fiber, also known as the sarcolemma. nAChRs are ionotropic receptors, meaning they serve as ligand-gated ion channels. The binding of ACh to the receptor can depolarize the muscle fiber, causing a cascade that eventually results in muscle contraction.Neuromuscular junction diseases can be of genetic and autoimmune origin. Genetic disorders, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, can arise from mutated structural proteins that comprise the neuromuscular junction, whereas autoimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis, occur when antibodies are produced against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the sarcolemma.