Laminar Selectivity of the Cholinergic Suppression of Synaptic
... synaptic transmissionat excitatory intrinsic synapses between pyramidal cells, while having little effect on synaptic transmission at afferent fibers arising from the olfactory bulb (Hasseimoand Bower, 1992).In modelsofpiriform cortex (Hasselmo et al., 1992; Barkai and Hasselmo, 1994a,b; Hasselmo, 1 ...
... synaptic transmissionat excitatory intrinsic synapses between pyramidal cells, while having little effect on synaptic transmission at afferent fibers arising from the olfactory bulb (Hasseimoand Bower, 1992).In modelsofpiriform cortex (Hasselmo et al., 1992; Barkai and Hasselmo, 1994a,b; Hasselmo, 1 ...
Glossary of Olfactory Terms
... consists of three structures in the brain: the olfactory cortex, the amygdala, and the hippocampus. The amygdala is thought to govern fear, emotion and mood. The hippocampus is responsible for memory storage. The close proximity of these structures is thought to explain why olfactory sensations can ...
... consists of three structures in the brain: the olfactory cortex, the amygdala, and the hippocampus. The amygdala is thought to govern fear, emotion and mood. The hippocampus is responsible for memory storage. The close proximity of these structures is thought to explain why olfactory sensations can ...
Genetic analysis of the Complexin trans-clamping model Please share
... fusion, potentially through its ability to regulate SNARE zippering (11, 12). Cpx is a cytosolic α-helical protein that binds to SNARE complexes (13). Initial in vitro studies using cell–cell fusion or lipid-mixing assays indicated that Cpx prevents in vitro membrane fusion events, suggesting Cpx ma ...
... fusion, potentially through its ability to regulate SNARE zippering (11, 12). Cpx is a cytosolic α-helical protein that binds to SNARE complexes (13). Initial in vitro studies using cell–cell fusion or lipid-mixing assays indicated that Cpx prevents in vitro membrane fusion events, suggesting Cpx ma ...
Reflex Testing in The Laboratory
... figure, a stretch reflex is illustrated. The way it works is in this manner: 1) a tendon is stimulated (in this illustration by a reflex hammer), 2) the spindle (blue coil in the diagram) detects this stimulus and sends the input to the cord, 3) the information crosses one synapse (mono-synaptic) to ...
... figure, a stretch reflex is illustrated. The way it works is in this manner: 1) a tendon is stimulated (in this illustration by a reflex hammer), 2) the spindle (blue coil in the diagram) detects this stimulus and sends the input to the cord, 3) the information crosses one synapse (mono-synaptic) to ...
Read Here
... School and Dartmouth Giesel School of Medicine. Triple-transgenic animals were generated by breeding Tac1::IRES-cre (Harris et al., 2014) mice to either double-transgenic Pet1::Flpe (Jensen et al., 2008), RC:: FPDi (Ray et al., 2011) mice, Pet1::Flpe, RC::FrePe (Brust et al., 2014) mice, or Pet1::Fl ...
... School and Dartmouth Giesel School of Medicine. Triple-transgenic animals were generated by breeding Tac1::IRES-cre (Harris et al., 2014) mice to either double-transgenic Pet1::Flpe (Jensen et al., 2008), RC:: FPDi (Ray et al., 2011) mice, Pet1::Flpe, RC::FrePe (Brust et al., 2014) mice, or Pet1::Fl ...
PDF
... association with microtubules and destabilizes microtubule assembly, which is a process that facilitates the initiation of axon outgrowth and specification (Biernat et al., 2002; Kishi et al., 2005; Trivedi et al., 2005). Although primary neuronal cultures have been the most widely used system to st ...
... association with microtubules and destabilizes microtubule assembly, which is a process that facilitates the initiation of axon outgrowth and specification (Biernat et al., 2002; Kishi et al., 2005; Trivedi et al., 2005). Although primary neuronal cultures have been the most widely used system to st ...
Brachial Plexus Injury - International Federation of Societies for
... identified. 1,2,4,5,8,9,48 Direct coaptation of the proximal and distal stumps of the disrupted musculocutaneous nerve, the lateral cord, or the C5-C6 upper trunk by microsurgical techniques may obtain the most predictable and reliable clinical ...
... identified. 1,2,4,5,8,9,48 Direct coaptation of the proximal and distal stumps of the disrupted musculocutaneous nerve, the lateral cord, or the C5-C6 upper trunk by microsurgical techniques may obtain the most predictable and reliable clinical ...
Hippocampal CA1 atrophy and synaptic loss during
... volume, loss of inhibitory interneurons and increased cell death of neurons and glia. It is interesting to note that these effects occurred in the presence of chronic microglial activation, with a relative paucity of infiltrating blood-borne immune cells. Widespread diffuse demyelination occurred in ...
... volume, loss of inhibitory interneurons and increased cell death of neurons and glia. It is interesting to note that these effects occurred in the presence of chronic microglial activation, with a relative paucity of infiltrating blood-borne immune cells. Widespread diffuse demyelination occurred in ...
Genetically identified spinal interneurons integrating tactile afferents
... during development, in particular, through the assessment of the effects of gene knockouts on expression patterns of transcription factors (Gross et al. 2002; Muller et al. 2005; Nakada et al. 2004; Wine-Lee et al. 2004). As a result, the dI3 IN population is well characterized by the expression of ...
... during development, in particular, through the assessment of the effects of gene knockouts on expression patterns of transcription factors (Gross et al. 2002; Muller et al. 2005; Nakada et al. 2004; Wine-Lee et al. 2004). As a result, the dI3 IN population is well characterized by the expression of ...
Martin, Neuroscientist 2005
... axons of the corticospinal tract decussate from one side to the other in the lower brain stem (termed the pyramidal decussation; shown in figure) and descend in the contralateral white matter of the cord, as the lateral corticospinal tract. A small percentage of axons do not decussate in the pyramid ...
... axons of the corticospinal tract decussate from one side to the other in the lower brain stem (termed the pyramidal decussation; shown in figure) and descend in the contralateral white matter of the cord, as the lateral corticospinal tract. A small percentage of axons do not decussate in the pyramid ...
Module 10 - Neuronal Signalling
... transmitted at the synaptic endings at the opposite end. The key event is the process of synaptic transmission, during which presynaptic events release neurotransmitters from one neuron to induce localized excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic events in the target neuron. The localized excitatory ev ...
... transmitted at the synaptic endings at the opposite end. The key event is the process of synaptic transmission, during which presynaptic events release neurotransmitters from one neuron to induce localized excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic events in the target neuron. The localized excitatory ev ...
Local network regulation of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus
... into the LH/PFA in vivo (114). Whether or not neurons are the source of adenosine in this case remains unresolved, as adenosine is thought to be primarily produced by hydrolysis of astrocyte-derived ATP in the extracellular space by ectonucleotidases (124, 142) and affect neuronal activity (88). In ...
... into the LH/PFA in vivo (114). Whether or not neurons are the source of adenosine in this case remains unresolved, as adenosine is thought to be primarily produced by hydrolysis of astrocyte-derived ATP in the extracellular space by ectonucleotidases (124, 142) and affect neuronal activity (88). In ...
Neuronal polarity: establishing and maintaining the axon initial
... fast and consistent from one end of the neuron to the other end in order to achieve a rapid communication (see Box 1). This electric signal is a change in voltage of the membrane, called a membrane potential. Neurons can respond to this change in membrane potential through several downstream actions ...
... fast and consistent from one end of the neuron to the other end in order to achieve a rapid communication (see Box 1). This electric signal is a change in voltage of the membrane, called a membrane potential. Neurons can respond to this change in membrane potential through several downstream actions ...
Distinguishing intrinsic from extrinsic factors underlying firing rate
... 1973). Each action potential generated by a MN is replicated with near perfect fidelity in the hundreds of skeletal muscle fibers innervated by each MN, causing these muscle fibers to contract as a group. The MN and its innervated muscle fibers therefore comprise a functional entity called a motor u ...
... 1973). Each action potential generated by a MN is replicated with near perfect fidelity in the hundreds of skeletal muscle fibers innervated by each MN, causing these muscle fibers to contract as a group. The MN and its innervated muscle fibers therefore comprise a functional entity called a motor u ...
Ethanol Facilitates Glutamatergic Transmission to Dopamine
... Drug and Alcohol Programs, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; 5Department of Physiology , McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada ...
... Drug and Alcohol Programs, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; 5Department of Physiology , McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada ...
The novel endosomal membrane protein Ema interacts with the
... deficiency, that the mutant behaves as a genetic null. Highly conserved ema orthologues are present in multicellular organisms including human (CLEC16A), mouse (KIAA0350), C. elegans (GOP-1), and Arabidopsis (NCBI Protein database accession no. NP_566837), but not in unicellular yeast, suggesting an ...
... deficiency, that the mutant behaves as a genetic null. Highly conserved ema orthologues are present in multicellular organisms including human (CLEC16A), mouse (KIAA0350), C. elegans (GOP-1), and Arabidopsis (NCBI Protein database accession no. NP_566837), but not in unicellular yeast, suggesting an ...
Changes of Synaptic Density in the Primary Visual Cortex of the
... We also compared the three different calibration grids utilized throughout this entire study by making a series of electron micrographs on the same day and found no significant deformation between the oldest and the newest ones. No attempt was made to estimate the degree of shrinkage from exposure t ...
... We also compared the three different calibration grids utilized throughout this entire study by making a series of electron micrographs on the same day and found no significant deformation between the oldest and the newest ones. No attempt was made to estimate the degree of shrinkage from exposure t ...
INVESTIGATING THE SOPHISTICATION OF LONG-LATENCY UPPER LIMB
... Although this theory can explain how people move in the world, it does not specifically describe how this control process is implemented by the nervous system. In this thesis, we propose and explore one physiological implication of this theory. Specifically, we hypothesize that rapid feedback respon ...
... Although this theory can explain how people move in the world, it does not specifically describe how this control process is implemented by the nervous system. In this thesis, we propose and explore one physiological implication of this theory. Specifically, we hypothesize that rapid feedback respon ...
Cilia development, morphogenesis, and
... "'G?#(*8J iltrastructure of C. elegans cilia. 2a. Cilia in the amphid sensillum exhibit a variety of morphologies. The rod-like channel cilia are found in XS`, XSG, XSH, XSI, XSh, XSK, XDF, and XDL neurons. XDF and XDL possess two cilia each, while the other cells possess a single cilium. These cili ...
... "'G?#(*8J iltrastructure of C. elegans cilia. 2a. Cilia in the amphid sensillum exhibit a variety of morphologies. The rod-like channel cilia are found in XS`, XSG, XSH, XSI, XSh, XSK, XDF, and XDL neurons. XDF and XDL possess two cilia each, while the other cells possess a single cilium. These cili ...
Understanding Opioid Reward Howard L. Fields and Elyssa B
... The most consistent and robust rewarding effects of opioids require a functional MOP receptor [13]. The significance of the VTA for MOP reward has been established by several lines of evidence. Specifically, conditioned place preference (CPP) produced by systemically administered MOP receptor agonis ...
... The most consistent and robust rewarding effects of opioids require a functional MOP receptor [13]. The significance of the VTA for MOP reward has been established by several lines of evidence. Specifically, conditioned place preference (CPP) produced by systemically administered MOP receptor agonis ...
Median to radial nerve transfer for treatment of radial nerve palsy S
... target muscle can be used. Motor reeducation may be more complicated, however, and the use of additional therapies such as audio and/or visual biofeedback may be necessary to correctly recruit the target muscles and to minimize simultaneous contraction of the antagonistic muscles. Nevertheless, exce ...
... target muscle can be used. Motor reeducation may be more complicated, however, and the use of additional therapies such as audio and/or visual biofeedback may be necessary to correctly recruit the target muscles and to minimize simultaneous contraction of the antagonistic muscles. Nevertheless, exce ...
Neural Mechanisms of Reflex Reversal in Coxo
... MNs didn’t respond to the mechanical stimulation applied to the CBCO. The resistance reflex observed in eight MNs was characterized by membrane potential depolarizations of 0.5–4 mV, resulting from the summation of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) during the release of the CBCO strand. Gen ...
... MNs didn’t respond to the mechanical stimulation applied to the CBCO. The resistance reflex observed in eight MNs was characterized by membrane potential depolarizations of 0.5–4 mV, resulting from the summation of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) during the release of the CBCO strand. Gen ...
Print
... and Activation Thrombin can activate PAR1 and PAR3 by a two-step mechanism: first the protease binds and then it cleaves the receptor (Fig. 3A). The process of binding and activation has been most thoroughly studied for thrombin and PAR1 (306). The extracellular amino terminus of human PAR1 contains ...
... and Activation Thrombin can activate PAR1 and PAR3 by a two-step mechanism: first the protease binds and then it cleaves the receptor (Fig. 3A). The process of binding and activation has been most thoroughly studied for thrombin and PAR1 (306). The extracellular amino terminus of human PAR1 contains ...
Stereotyped connectivity and computations in higher
... Here we show that lateral horn neurons (LHNs) receive input from sparse and stereotyped combinations of glomeruli that are coactivated by odors, and certain combinations of glomeruli are over-represented. One morphological LHN type is broadly tuned and sums input from multiple glomeruli. These neuro ...
... Here we show that lateral horn neurons (LHNs) receive input from sparse and stereotyped combinations of glomeruli that are coactivated by odors, and certain combinations of glomeruli are over-represented. One morphological LHN type is broadly tuned and sums input from multiple glomeruli. These neuro ...
Neuromuscular junction
A neuromuscular junction (sometimes called a myoneural junction) is a junction between nerve and muscle; it is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron and the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber. It is at the neuromuscular junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction.Muscles require innervation to function—and even just to maintain muscle tone, avoiding atrophy. Synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction begins when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron, which activates voltage-dependent calcium channels to allow calcium ions to enter the neuron. Calcium ions bind to sensor proteins (synaptotagmin) on synaptic vesicles, triggering vesicle fusion with the cell membrane and subsequent neurotransmitter release from the motor neuron into the synaptic cleft. In vertebrates, motor neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), a small molecule neurotransmitter, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on the cell membrane of the muscle fiber, also known as the sarcolemma. nAChRs are ionotropic receptors, meaning they serve as ligand-gated ion channels. The binding of ACh to the receptor can depolarize the muscle fiber, causing a cascade that eventually results in muscle contraction.Neuromuscular junction diseases can be of genetic and autoimmune origin. Genetic disorders, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, can arise from mutated structural proteins that comprise the neuromuscular junction, whereas autoimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis, occur when antibodies are produced against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the sarcolemma.