Nonrandom cell-cycle timing of a somatic chromosomal
... the factors affecting the preferential use of the HR or NHEJ repair pathway are unclear, mounting evidence suggests that in cells of vertebrates, the NHEJ pathway plays a major role in DSB repair during the G0/G1 phase. In contrast, the HRmediated repair system tends to work efficiently during the la ...
... the factors affecting the preferential use of the HR or NHEJ repair pathway are unclear, mounting evidence suggests that in cells of vertebrates, the NHEJ pathway plays a major role in DSB repair during the G0/G1 phase. In contrast, the HRmediated repair system tends to work efficiently during the la ...
Meiosis
... Telophase II : -nuclear membrane reforms -chromatin forms -cytokinesis produces 4 haploid (n) cells ...
... Telophase II : -nuclear membrane reforms -chromatin forms -cytokinesis produces 4 haploid (n) cells ...
Supercoils in plant DNA: nucleoid
... have been conducted. Plants share many common features with the other eukaryotes, but there are also many peculiarities distinguishing them. For example, they possess unusually large genomes, highly variable in size and organization from species to species, a lot of repetitive DNA, low relative amou ...
... have been conducted. Plants share many common features with the other eukaryotes, but there are also many peculiarities distinguishing them. For example, they possess unusually large genomes, highly variable in size and organization from species to species, a lot of repetitive DNA, low relative amou ...
When replication travels on damaged templates: bumps and blocks
... inducible polymerases imply that these enzymes are not essential for replication to resume from lesions that block the progression of the replication fork. Yet it is also important to point out that these observations also cannot preclude the possibility that they do function at the arrested replica ...
... inducible polymerases imply that these enzymes are not essential for replication to resume from lesions that block the progression of the replication fork. Yet it is also important to point out that these observations also cannot preclude the possibility that they do function at the arrested replica ...
Introduction - bei DuEPublico
... apoptosis whereas in other cancers, several mutations additional to tumour related genes may be required to attain these capabilities. While the number of mutations necessary to form a cancer cell is variable, the end stage, a cancer cell, is invariant and mutations in different sets of genes may le ...
... apoptosis whereas in other cancers, several mutations additional to tumour related genes may be required to attain these capabilities. While the number of mutations necessary to form a cancer cell is variable, the end stage, a cancer cell, is invariant and mutations in different sets of genes may le ...
Part 1
... an N-containing medium. Throughout the period of growth, samples were taken, cells lysed and the DNA analyzed by centrifugation in CsCl gradient. The parent DNA showed 1 band in CsCl gradient corresponding to 15N DNA, the 1st generation daughter molecules also showed 1 band which was not at the same ...
... an N-containing medium. Throughout the period of growth, samples were taken, cells lysed and the DNA analyzed by centrifugation in CsCl gradient. The parent DNA showed 1 band in CsCl gradient corresponding to 15N DNA, the 1st generation daughter molecules also showed 1 band which was not at the same ...
About the origin and development of hereditary
... Patients and samples Previously, we described a family with three CRCC and t(3;8)(p14;q23).14 Since then, the study has been extended to other familial branches. The number of members identified as affected with CRCC and/or translocation carriers is represented in Figure 1. At present, nine members ...
... Patients and samples Previously, we described a family with three CRCC and t(3;8)(p14;q23).14 Since then, the study has been extended to other familial branches. The number of members identified as affected with CRCC and/or translocation carriers is represented in Figure 1. At present, nine members ...
Leukaemia Section 12p abnormalities in myeloid malignancies Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... chromosomal rearrangements; submicroscopic deletions of 12p are much more common in lymphoid than in myeloid malignancies; a minimal interstitial deletion region is described, involving ETV6 and CDKN1B genes; homozygous deletion of CDKN1B is rare (the other wild allele never found mutated); none of ...
... chromosomal rearrangements; submicroscopic deletions of 12p are much more common in lymphoid than in myeloid malignancies; a minimal interstitial deletion region is described, involving ETV6 and CDKN1B genes; homozygous deletion of CDKN1B is rare (the other wild allele never found mutated); none of ...
Chapter 1
... fatty acids (hydrocarbons with a carboxyl-group, COOH, on one end) will spontaneously form vesicles in water: multiple molecules align into a spherical structure so that the carboxyl-group faces out and the hydrophobic lipid tail is shielded away from the bipolar water molecules. A cell membrane is ...
... fatty acids (hydrocarbons with a carboxyl-group, COOH, on one end) will spontaneously form vesicles in water: multiple molecules align into a spherical structure so that the carboxyl-group faces out and the hydrophobic lipid tail is shielded away from the bipolar water molecules. A cell membrane is ...
Chapter 12
... Chapter 12 - DNA Technology and the Human Genome How can we use bacteria to manipulate DNA and protein? Recall how a bacterium defends itself when a bacteriophage injects its DNA into a bacterium… The bacterium has enzymes called restriction enzymes that attempt to cut up the bacteriophage DNA befo ...
... Chapter 12 - DNA Technology and the Human Genome How can we use bacteria to manipulate DNA and protein? Recall how a bacterium defends itself when a bacteriophage injects its DNA into a bacterium… The bacterium has enzymes called restriction enzymes that attempt to cut up the bacteriophage DNA befo ...
The replication of DNA
... The degree of processivity of DNA polymerases is defined as the average number of nucleotides added each time the enzyme binds a primer-template junction. • Each DNA polymerase has a characteristic processivity that can range from only a few nucleotide to more than 50.000 bases added per binding eve ...
... The degree of processivity of DNA polymerases is defined as the average number of nucleotides added each time the enzyme binds a primer-template junction. • Each DNA polymerase has a characteristic processivity that can range from only a few nucleotide to more than 50.000 bases added per binding eve ...
Genomic scars as biomarkers of homologous recombination
... [33] used SNP microarray data to test their hypothesis that the aberrant chromosomal structures formed as a result of defective HR are likely to be resolved with allelic imbalance extending from the double-strand break point to the subtelomeres of a chromosome. By scoring tumors for the frequency wi ...
... [33] used SNP microarray data to test their hypothesis that the aberrant chromosomal structures formed as a result of defective HR are likely to be resolved with allelic imbalance extending from the double-strand break point to the subtelomeres of a chromosome. By scoring tumors for the frequency wi ...
DNA markers in plant genome analysis With the advent of molecular
... generally classified as hybridization-based markers and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)based markers. In the former, DNA profiles are visualized by hybridizing the restriction enzyme-digested DNA, to a labelled probe, which is a DNA fragment of known origin or sequence. PCR-based markers involve in ...
... generally classified as hybridization-based markers and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)based markers. In the former, DNA profiles are visualized by hybridizing the restriction enzyme-digested DNA, to a labelled probe, which is a DNA fragment of known origin or sequence. PCR-based markers involve in ...
GeneMATRIX Universal DNA/RNA/Protein Purification Kit
... 1. Add 400 µl of Wash RB1 buffer to the DNA binding spin column (from the last step of part I of the protocol) and centrifuge at 11000 x g for 1 minute. 2. Remove the spin-column, pour off supernatant and place back into the receiver tube. 3. Add 650 µl of Wash RBW buffer and spin down at 11000 x g ...
... 1. Add 400 µl of Wash RB1 buffer to the DNA binding spin column (from the last step of part I of the protocol) and centrifuge at 11000 x g for 1 minute. 2. Remove the spin-column, pour off supernatant and place back into the receiver tube. 3. Add 650 µl of Wash RBW buffer and spin down at 11000 x g ...
Restriction Enzyme Digest and Plasmid mapping
... (or loading buffer) does not stain the DNA itself but makes it easier to load the gels and monitor the progress of the DNA electrophoresis. Loading buffer usually contains something dense (e.g. glycerol) to allow the sample to "fall" into the sample wells. It also contains one or two tracking dyes, ...
... (or loading buffer) does not stain the DNA itself but makes it easier to load the gels and monitor the progress of the DNA electrophoresis. Loading buffer usually contains something dense (e.g. glycerol) to allow the sample to "fall" into the sample wells. It also contains one or two tracking dyes, ...
Prolonged organ retention and safety of plasmid DNA
... dosing of PEI/DNA complexes over 3 weeks did not alter the histology of major organs such as the liver, lung, and kidney. PEI/DNA complexes with PEI nitrogen to DNA phosphate ratio (N/P ratio) of 10:1 were prepared in 5% glucose using 25 kDa PEI (Aldrich, St Quentin, France). The N/P ratio of 10:1 w ...
... dosing of PEI/DNA complexes over 3 weeks did not alter the histology of major organs such as the liver, lung, and kidney. PEI/DNA complexes with PEI nitrogen to DNA phosphate ratio (N/P ratio) of 10:1 were prepared in 5% glucose using 25 kDa PEI (Aldrich, St Quentin, France). The N/P ratio of 10:1 w ...
Recombinant DNA Technology
... Until the early 1970s DNA was the most difficult cellular molecule for the biochemist to analyze. Enormously long and chemically monotonous, the nucleotide sequence of DNA could be approached only by indirect means, such as by protein or RNA sequencing or by genetic analysis. Today the situation has ...
... Until the early 1970s DNA was the most difficult cellular molecule for the biochemist to analyze. Enormously long and chemically monotonous, the nucleotide sequence of DNA could be approached only by indirect means, such as by protein or RNA sequencing or by genetic analysis. Today the situation has ...
Chapter 25 DNA metabolism
... replication (faithful reproduction) - which must be incredibly accurate Processes that try to preserve the current information Repair and recombination Processes to degrade DNA Emphasis in this chapter is on the enzymes that perform these functions Much of these discoveries were first found in E-col ...
... replication (faithful reproduction) - which must be incredibly accurate Processes that try to preserve the current information Repair and recombination Processes to degrade DNA Emphasis in this chapter is on the enzymes that perform these functions Much of these discoveries were first found in E-col ...
Comparative genomic hybridization
Comparative genomic hybridization is a molecular cytogenetic method for analysing copy number variations (CNVs) relative to ploidy level in the DNA of a test sample compared to a reference sample, without the need for culturing cells. The aim of this technique is to quickly and efficiently compare two genomic DNA samples arising from two sources, which are most often closely related, because it is suspected that they contain differences in terms of either gains or losses of either whole chromosomes or subchromosomal regions (a portion of a whole chromosome). This technique was originally developed for the evaluation of the differences between the chromosomal complements of solid tumor and normal tissue, and has an improved resoIution of 5-10 megabases compared to the more traditional cytogenetic analysis techniques of giemsa banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) which are limited by the resolution of the microscope utilized.This is achieved through the use of competitive fluorescence in situ hybridization. In short, this involves the isolation of DNA from the two sources to be compared, most commonly a test and reference source, independent labelling of each DNA sample with a different fluorophores (fluorescent molecules) of different colours (usually red and green), denaturation of the DNA so that it is single stranded, and the hybridization of the two resultant samples in a 1:1 ratio to a normal metaphase spread of chromosomes, to which the labelled DNA samples will bind at their locus of origin. Using a fluorescence microscope and computer software, the differentially coloured fluorescent signals are then compared along the length of each chromosome for identification of chromosomal differences between the two sources. A higher intensity of the test sample colour in a specific region of a chromosome indicates the gain of material of that region in the corresponding source sample, while a higher intensity of the reference sample colour indicates the loss of material in the test sample in that specific region. A neutral colour (yellow when the fluorophore labels are red and green) indicates no difference between the two samples in that location.CGH is only able to detect unbalanced chromosomal abnormalities. This is because balanced chromosomal abnormalities such as reciprocal translocations, inversions or ring chromosomes do not affect copy number, which is what is detected by CGH technologies. CGH does, however, allow for the exploration of all 46 human chromosomes in single test and the discovery of deletions and duplications, even on the microscopic scale which may lead to the identification of candidate genes to be further explored by other cytological techniques.Through the use of DNA microarrays in conjunction with CGH techniques, the more specific form of array CGH (aCGH) has been developed, allowing for a locus-by-locus measure of CNV with increased resolution as low as 100 kilobases. This improved technique allows for the aetiology of known and unknown conditions to be discovered.