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Chromosomal Aberrations
Chromosomal Aberrations

... • chromosome abnormality not found in any nonleukemic white blood cells, nor in any other cells of the patient's body ...
Significance of bacterial identification by molecular
Significance of bacterial identification by molecular

... PCR is a technique, which uses a DNA polymerase enzyme to make a huge number of copies of virtually any given piece of DNA or gene. It facilitates a short stretch of DNA (usually fewer than 3000 bp) to be amplified by about a million-fold. In practical terms it amplifies enough specific copies to be ...
DNA Sequence Variation in the Human Y Chromosome: Functions
DNA Sequence Variation in the Human Y Chromosome: Functions

... that a large number of autosomal genes but relatively fewer Y-linked genes are involved in these anomalies. However, much effort would be required to uncover the exact number of genes implicated in TS. In our study focusing on five loci encompassing both the arms of the Y chromosome (see Fig. 2), we ...
Down`s syndrome associated with a balanced
Down`s syndrome associated with a balanced

... et al. documented that 5.7% of cases with trisomy 21 corresponded to translocations between chromosomes of group D and G and that 0.5% of all patients had an association with other structural or numeric chromosomal abnormalities. In this review, these authors reported only one case with Down syndrom ...
Chapter 13 Unintended Horizontal Transfer of Recombinant DNA
Chapter 13 Unintended Horizontal Transfer of Recombinant DNA

... Will recombined DNA released from GMOs have an altered and increased capacity to be transferred to, and change the fitness of, exposed host cells and bacteria? Can the likelihood of this HGT process and the subsequent population genetic trajectories of the transformed cell be accurately predicted? D ...
Solutions to Genetics Day 6 Interpretation Questions
Solutions to Genetics Day 6 Interpretation Questions

... If observations were inconsistent with their expectations, you should consider the possibility that their Ara- and KanR phenotypes were not linked. 2. Consider wild type λ phage, the modified λ phage that carried the mini TN10 transposon, the P1 phage we used to make lysates and the P1 phage found i ...
Assessing the Homogeneity of Plasmid DNA: An Important
Assessing the Homogeneity of Plasmid DNA: An Important

... Figure 5. Agarose gel electrophoresis: two untreated plasmid samples and one sample of the plasmid transferred into the oc-form. ...
What Are Chromosomes?
What Are Chromosomes?

... pairs, or homologs, of autosomes (chromosomes 1-22) and two sex chromosomes. This is called the diploid number. Females carry two X chromosomes (46,XX) while males have an X and a Y (46,XY).  Germ cells (egg and sperm) have 23 chromosomes: one copy of each autosome plus a single sex chromosome. Thi ...
Genetics Notes.notebook
Genetics Notes.notebook

... I can use words and phrases to differentiate between the  processes of photosynthesis and respiration in terms of energy  flow, reactants and products. ...
Writing Information into DNA
Writing Information into DNA

The Mammalian Mismatch Repair Pathway Removes DNA 8
The Mammalian Mismatch Repair Pathway Removes DNA 8

... than DNA of the parental Colo26 cells (33.9 versus 8.8 per 106 guanines) (Figure 1C). These values are more than 20-fold higher than the corresponding values for the MEFs, possibly because these cells are derived from a murine colon tumor. A normal copy of human chromosome 2, which contains the hMSH ...
The Relationship Between DNA Replication and the
The Relationship Between DNA Replication and the

... the poor medium (Mandelstam et al., 1971). To test whether this was also the case with the wild-type, chloramphenicol was added to a growing culture (Asooabout 0.5). The drug was removed 1 h later when the bacteria were washed and resuspended in sporulation medium. This treatment with chloramphenico ...
TUTORIAL 8 – DNA - Molecular Movies
TUTORIAL 8 – DNA - Molecular Movies

... roughly based on what is known about the molecule’s proportions, and then look at different ways to deform it. Next we’ll import a PDB coordinate set for B-DNA and experiment with different representations using particles. These first two methods assume that the helix does not need to unwind and mel ...
Enzyme Mechanisms - Illinois Institute of Technology
Enzyme Mechanisms - Illinois Institute of Technology

glycan associated protein of Legionella (PpiA)
glycan associated protein of Legionella (PpiA)

Real-Time PCR Probe Design
Real-Time PCR Probe Design

... By running serial dilutions of template as standards • Identify Sub-Optimal aspects of assay Optimize further with thermal gradient, etc. ...
Structure and function of nucleases in DNA repair: shape
Structure and function of nucleases in DNA repair: shape

... many nucleases have been studied extensively. However, in some cases, it is very difficult to identify the actual functional targets of the nucleases, because of their broad substrate specificity. Nevertheless, many candidates for nucleases are available from various genome sequences, and their func ...
ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS
ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS

... c. A female with trisomy 21 Down syndrome. Phenotype includes short, sparse, straight hair, wide-set eyes with epicanthal folds, a broad nose, protruding tongue, mental retardation, and increased risk of a heart defect, suppressed immunity, and leukemia. 8. Basketball players may have an extra Y chr ...
How is the biological information arranged in genome?
How is the biological information arranged in genome?

... Pho2p facilitates interaction with Pho4p in S. cerevisiae. Other interaction of proteins could be identified from the same way (Sequence Spectrum Method, described later, refs. [4,5]). The study for the entire genomic base sequences were not so much, because we carried a few effective tools, includi ...
Brief Introduction of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Basic Concept
Brief Introduction of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Basic Concept

... of multiple sequence fragments originating from different genotypes representing the same region on the genome will allow for the discovery of sequence variants. The corresponding nucleotide mismatches are likely to be SNPs or insertions/deletions. A large amount of sequence data to be mined is pres ...
Chromosome Variations
Chromosome Variations

... a. Bill has 47 chromosomes. b. Betty has 47 chromosomes. c. Bill and Betty’s children have 47 chromosomes. d. Bill’s sister has 45 chromosomes. e. Bill has 46 chromosomes. f. Betty has 45 chromosomes. g. Bill’s brother has 45 chromosomes. **9. In mammals, sex chromosome aneuploids are more common th ...
Lecture Chpt. 20 DNA Technology & Genomics
Lecture Chpt. 20 DNA Technology & Genomics

... "Beginning with a single molecule of the genetic material DNA, the PCR can generate 100 billion similar molecules in an afternoon. The reaction is easy to execute. It requires no more than a test tube, a few simple reagents and a source of heat. The DNA sample that one wishes to copy can be pure, or ...
Mechanism, and Role in Recombination Type-1
Mechanism, and Role in Recombination Type-1

ppt presentation
ppt presentation

Chapter-13-Mutations-and-Chromosomal-Abnormalities
Chapter-13-Mutations-and-Chromosomal-Abnormalities

< 1 ... 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 ... 222 >

Comparative genomic hybridization



Comparative genomic hybridization is a molecular cytogenetic method for analysing copy number variations (CNVs) relative to ploidy level in the DNA of a test sample compared to a reference sample, without the need for culturing cells. The aim of this technique is to quickly and efficiently compare two genomic DNA samples arising from two sources, which are most often closely related, because it is suspected that they contain differences in terms of either gains or losses of either whole chromosomes or subchromosomal regions (a portion of a whole chromosome). This technique was originally developed for the evaluation of the differences between the chromosomal complements of solid tumor and normal tissue, and has an improved resoIution of 5-10 megabases compared to the more traditional cytogenetic analysis techniques of giemsa banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) which are limited by the resolution of the microscope utilized.This is achieved through the use of competitive fluorescence in situ hybridization. In short, this involves the isolation of DNA from the two sources to be compared, most commonly a test and reference source, independent labelling of each DNA sample with a different fluorophores (fluorescent molecules) of different colours (usually red and green), denaturation of the DNA so that it is single stranded, and the hybridization of the two resultant samples in a 1:1 ratio to a normal metaphase spread of chromosomes, to which the labelled DNA samples will bind at their locus of origin. Using a fluorescence microscope and computer software, the differentially coloured fluorescent signals are then compared along the length of each chromosome for identification of chromosomal differences between the two sources. A higher intensity of the test sample colour in a specific region of a chromosome indicates the gain of material of that region in the corresponding source sample, while a higher intensity of the reference sample colour indicates the loss of material in the test sample in that specific region. A neutral colour (yellow when the fluorophore labels are red and green) indicates no difference between the two samples in that location.CGH is only able to detect unbalanced chromosomal abnormalities. This is because balanced chromosomal abnormalities such as reciprocal translocations, inversions or ring chromosomes do not affect copy number, which is what is detected by CGH technologies. CGH does, however, allow for the exploration of all 46 human chromosomes in single test and the discovery of deletions and duplications, even on the microscopic scale which may lead to the identification of candidate genes to be further explored by other cytological techniques.Through the use of DNA microarrays in conjunction with CGH techniques, the more specific form of array CGH (aCGH) has been developed, allowing for a locus-by-locus measure of CNV with increased resolution as low as 100 kilobases. This improved technique allows for the aetiology of known and unknown conditions to be discovered.
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