Antibody purification handbook
... polypeptide chains: two identical heavy (H) chains, each carrying covalently attached oligosaccharide groups; and two identical, non-glycosylated light (L) chains. A disulphide bond joins a heavy chain and a light chain together. The heavy chains are also joined to each other by disulphide bonds. Th ...
... polypeptide chains: two identical heavy (H) chains, each carrying covalently attached oligosaccharide groups; and two identical, non-glycosylated light (L) chains. A disulphide bond joins a heavy chain and a light chain together. The heavy chains are also joined to each other by disulphide bonds. Th ...
Fibrous Proteins
... (2) Amino acid composition of elastin 33% Gly 10% Pro and Hyp 23% Ala 13% Val Hence 79% of the residues come from 4 amino acids. There are large hydrophobic peptides rich in Ala, Val, Ile and Leu. As these sidechains do not interact with each other by hydrogen bonds, they enable the core of elastin ...
... (2) Amino acid composition of elastin 33% Gly 10% Pro and Hyp 23% Ala 13% Val Hence 79% of the residues come from 4 amino acids. There are large hydrophobic peptides rich in Ala, Val, Ile and Leu. As these sidechains do not interact with each other by hydrogen bonds, they enable the core of elastin ...
The ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 (TNFAIP3) is a central regulator of
... c-Rel), which exist as homo- or heterodimers. In resting cells, NF-kB is kept inactive by binding to inhibitor of kB (IkB) proteins, of which IkBa is best known. Upon stimulation with a wide variety of agonists including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1 and Tolllike receptor (TLR) lig ...
... c-Rel), which exist as homo- or heterodimers. In resting cells, NF-kB is kept inactive by binding to inhibitor of kB (IkB) proteins, of which IkBa is best known. Upon stimulation with a wide variety of agonists including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1 and Tolllike receptor (TLR) lig ...
Activin-mediated mesoderm induction requires FGF
... Since little is known about the signal transduction process in Xenopus embryos, it is not yet clear how cells integrate different extracellular signals. Injection of RNA encoding a dominant-negative mutant of raf, a serine/threonine kinase activated by tyrosine kinase receptors, has been reported to ...
... Since little is known about the signal transduction process in Xenopus embryos, it is not yet clear how cells integrate different extracellular signals. Injection of RNA encoding a dominant-negative mutant of raf, a serine/threonine kinase activated by tyrosine kinase receptors, has been reported to ...
PDF
... Embryonic axis formation in vertebrates is initiated by the establishment of the dorsal Nieuwkoop blastula organizer, marked by the nuclear accumulation of maternal b-catenin, a transcriptional effector of canonical Wnt signaling. Known regulators of axis specification include the canonical Wnt path ...
... Embryonic axis formation in vertebrates is initiated by the establishment of the dorsal Nieuwkoop blastula organizer, marked by the nuclear accumulation of maternal b-catenin, a transcriptional effector of canonical Wnt signaling. Known regulators of axis specification include the canonical Wnt path ...
Effect of Aminoguanidine (Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor
... species, for example rat and human PDK2 proteins share greater than 95% identity in their primary amino acids sequence. The total number of amino acid residues varies among different PDK isomers, for example PDK1 has 436 residues, PDK2 and PDK4 have 407 residues and PDK3 has 406 residues [35]. The G ...
... species, for example rat and human PDK2 proteins share greater than 95% identity in their primary amino acids sequence. The total number of amino acid residues varies among different PDK isomers, for example PDK1 has 436 residues, PDK2 and PDK4 have 407 residues and PDK3 has 406 residues [35]. The G ...
Characteristics of Whey Flavor - Innovation Center for US Dairy
... astringency.26 Whey protein has a high-buffering capacity. The higher the protein concentration, the more acid is required to reduce the pH to levels in the high acid pH range of 3 to 4.5. This research hypothesized that solutions with equal acid concentration would be equally astringent, regardless ...
... astringency.26 Whey protein has a high-buffering capacity. The higher the protein concentration, the more acid is required to reduce the pH to levels in the high acid pH range of 3 to 4.5. This research hypothesized that solutions with equal acid concentration would be equally astringent, regardless ...
Late events of translation initiation in bacteria: a kinetic analysis
... used to monitor the conformational changes during initial binding of the EF-Tu ternary complex, codon recognition and release of aa-tRNA from EF-Tu followed by accommodation in the A-site (Figure 3B). Fluorescence changes of the GTP derivative, mant-GTP, were used to monitor the GTPase activation of ...
... used to monitor the conformational changes during initial binding of the EF-Tu ternary complex, codon recognition and release of aa-tRNA from EF-Tu followed by accommodation in the A-site (Figure 3B). Fluorescence changes of the GTP derivative, mant-GTP, were used to monitor the GTPase activation of ...
Unconventional serine proteases: Variations on the catalytic Ser/His
... share the same protein fold and have their catalytic residues in the order of His/Asp/Ser from the N to C terminus. Their active site regions are composed of (1) the substrate binding groove where nonspecific mainchain hydrogen bond interactions occur between the enzyme and substrate, (2) the substr ...
... share the same protein fold and have their catalytic residues in the order of His/Asp/Ser from the N to C terminus. Their active site regions are composed of (1) the substrate binding groove where nonspecific mainchain hydrogen bond interactions occur between the enzyme and substrate, (2) the substr ...
Interactions of Annexins with the mu Subunits of the Clathrin
... ABSTRACT: A number of biochemical and genetic studies have suggested that certain annexins play important roles in the endocytic pathway, possibly involving the generation, localization, or fusion of endocytic compartments. In a yeast two-hybrid screen for proteins that interact with the N-terminal ...
... ABSTRACT: A number of biochemical and genetic studies have suggested that certain annexins play important roles in the endocytic pathway, possibly involving the generation, localization, or fusion of endocytic compartments. In a yeast two-hybrid screen for proteins that interact with the N-terminal ...
attached paper highlights
... PGC-1a in myotubes strongly induces the expression of downstream transcription factors such as NRFs and Tfam.17 Unlike NRFs or Tfam, however, PGC-1a levels correlate with cardiac and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, suggesting that it plays a major role in setting mitochondrial content.18 PGC-1a ...
... PGC-1a in myotubes strongly induces the expression of downstream transcription factors such as NRFs and Tfam.17 Unlike NRFs or Tfam, however, PGC-1a levels correlate with cardiac and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, suggesting that it plays a major role in setting mitochondrial content.18 PGC-1a ...
Structure and Function Relationships between ATPase Family, AAA
... The genome is constantly damaged by intracellular and extracellular factors. At sites of DNA damage, replication forks are stalled, leading to monoubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Monoubiquitination of PCNA promotes the switch from regular high-fidelity polymerases to Y-f ...
... The genome is constantly damaged by intracellular and extracellular factors. At sites of DNA damage, replication forks are stalled, leading to monoubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Monoubiquitination of PCNA promotes the switch from regular high-fidelity polymerases to Y-f ...
Single-Amino Acid Substitutions Alter the Specificity and Affinity of
... syntrophins interact with C-terminal peptide ligands and heterodimerize with the extended nNOS PDZ domain. The capacity to interact with nNOS correlates with the presence of a Lys residue in the carboxylatebinding loop of these PDZ domains. Here, we report that substitution of an Arg for Lys-165 in ...
... syntrophins interact with C-terminal peptide ligands and heterodimerize with the extended nNOS PDZ domain. The capacity to interact with nNOS correlates with the presence of a Lys residue in the carboxylatebinding loop of these PDZ domains. Here, we report that substitution of an Arg for Lys-165 in ...
Purification and Characterization of
... 214 6 12.6 kD, suggesting a tetrameric structure for this catalyst. Because H. carterae PRK activity was insensitive to NADH but was stimulated by dithiothreitol, it appears that the enzyme may require a thioredoxin/ferredoxin rather than a metabolite mode of regulation. Kinetic analysis of this enz ...
... 214 6 12.6 kD, suggesting a tetrameric structure for this catalyst. Because H. carterae PRK activity was insensitive to NADH but was stimulated by dithiothreitol, it appears that the enzyme may require a thioredoxin/ferredoxin rather than a metabolite mode of regulation. Kinetic analysis of this enz ...
Insulin Like Growth Factor-I: A Critical Mediator of
... differentiation in vitro [13], and that blocking IGF-I action in vitro [52] or deleting it [23] or its receptor in vivo and in vitro blocks the anabolic actions of PTH provide strong evidence that IGF-I is an essential mediator of PTH action. ROLE OF IGF-I IN MEDIATING THE SKELETAL RESPONSE TO PTH A ...
... differentiation in vitro [13], and that blocking IGF-I action in vitro [52] or deleting it [23] or its receptor in vivo and in vitro blocks the anabolic actions of PTH provide strong evidence that IGF-I is an essential mediator of PTH action. ROLE OF IGF-I IN MEDIATING THE SKELETAL RESPONSE TO PTH A ...
Differential recruitment of Dishevelled provides signaling specificity
... recognize and bind short motifs at the carboxyl termini of proteins (but may bind other motifs as well). PDZ domains can also form dimers. The third domain, called DEP, is conserved among a set of proteins that have in common the ability to regulate various GTPases, including both heterotrimeric G p ...
... recognize and bind short motifs at the carboxyl termini of proteins (but may bind other motifs as well). PDZ domains can also form dimers. The third domain, called DEP, is conserved among a set of proteins that have in common the ability to regulate various GTPases, including both heterotrimeric G p ...
sLeX inhibits Ply hemolytic activity by blocking binding of the toxin to
... Intermedilysin (ILY) binds human CD59 (hCD59) as a receptor - still requires cholesterol for insertion of pre-pore complex (Giddings et al, 2004, Nat Struct Mol Biol 11:1173-1178) Proteinaceous receptors have recently been identified for membrane lipid-dependent, pore-forming cytotoxins of Staphyloc ...
... Intermedilysin (ILY) binds human CD59 (hCD59) as a receptor - still requires cholesterol for insertion of pre-pore complex (Giddings et al, 2004, Nat Struct Mol Biol 11:1173-1178) Proteinaceous receptors have recently been identified for membrane lipid-dependent, pore-forming cytotoxins of Staphyloc ...
Early events in protein folding
... polypeptide chain searches out its final native conformation from an inconceivably large number of available conformations. A polypeptide chain of 101 amino acid residues would have to sample 3100 = 5 × 1047 conformations, if each bond connecting two consecutive residues has only three possible conf ...
... polypeptide chain searches out its final native conformation from an inconceivably large number of available conformations. A polypeptide chain of 101 amino acid residues would have to sample 3100 = 5 × 1047 conformations, if each bond connecting two consecutive residues has only three possible conf ...
Fine Tuning of Sympathetic Transmitter Release via Ionotropic and
... nerve ending or from a different axon terminal. In the first situation, the receptor involved is a presynaptic autoreceptor, whereas in the second situation, the receptor is called a presynaptic heteroreceptor. Although the functions of presynaptic heteroreceptors were elucidated first, the detectio ...
... nerve ending or from a different axon terminal. In the first situation, the receptor involved is a presynaptic autoreceptor, whereas in the second situation, the receptor is called a presynaptic heteroreceptor. Although the functions of presynaptic heteroreceptors were elucidated first, the detectio ...
Bacterial ribosome requires multiple L12 dimers for efficient initiation
... is now universally accepted that the L12 dimer is ‘antiparallel’ where NTDs of two L12 molecules form a four-helix bundle dimer occupying the same site on L10. This model is supported by the X-ray crystal structure of the L10– (L12 NTD)6 complex from T. maritima (1). It has been proposed (13) and la ...
... is now universally accepted that the L12 dimer is ‘antiparallel’ where NTDs of two L12 molecules form a four-helix bundle dimer occupying the same site on L10. This model is supported by the X-ray crystal structure of the L10– (L12 NTD)6 complex from T. maritima (1). It has been proposed (13) and la ...
and Rhizobiales-Like PPP-Family Protein Phosphatases from
... elucidate the evolutionary, biochemical, cellular and biological characteristics of two recently identified PPP-family protein phosphatase subclasses from the model photosynthetic Eukaryote Arabidopsis thaliana. These two subclasses included the Shewanella-like (SLP1 and 2) and Rhizobiales-like (RLP ...
... elucidate the evolutionary, biochemical, cellular and biological characteristics of two recently identified PPP-family protein phosphatase subclasses from the model photosynthetic Eukaryote Arabidopsis thaliana. These two subclasses included the Shewanella-like (SLP1 and 2) and Rhizobiales-like (RLP ...
The Plant Cell - Department of Biology
... and catalyzes the movement of the motor protein along microtubules. The central stalk and tail domains are involved in motor dimerization and the transport of cargo, respectively. Recent completion of the genome sequences of several eukaryotes, ranging from a simple eukaryote to highly evolved multi ...
... and catalyzes the movement of the motor protein along microtubules. The central stalk and tail domains are involved in motor dimerization and the transport of cargo, respectively. Recent completion of the genome sequences of several eukaryotes, ranging from a simple eukaryote to highly evolved multi ...
Brock_Charter_Christopher_2011
... Lymnaea stagnalis. Although RA has been detected in a small number of invertebrates (including Lymnaea), the existence and functional roles of the retinoid receptors in most invertebrate non-chordates, have not been previously studied. ...
... Lymnaea stagnalis. Although RA has been detected in a small number of invertebrates (including Lymnaea), the existence and functional roles of the retinoid receptors in most invertebrate non-chordates, have not been previously studied. ...
PDF
... activation. The known targets of this cascade in the wing disc are surprisingly limited, including repression of BRK and the novel extracellular protein encoded by pentagone (pent) (Vuilleumier et al., 2010), and activation of the transcription factors Optomotor Blind (OMB) (Grimm and Pflugfelder, 1 ...
... activation. The known targets of this cascade in the wing disc are surprisingly limited, including repression of BRK and the novel extracellular protein encoded by pentagone (pent) (Vuilleumier et al., 2010), and activation of the transcription factors Optomotor Blind (OMB) (Grimm and Pflugfelder, 1 ...
G protein–coupled receptor
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses. Coupling with G proteins, they are called seven-transmembrane receptors because they pass through the cell membrane seven times.G protein–coupled receptors are found only in eukaryotes, including yeast, choanoflagellates, and animals. The ligands that bind and activate these receptors include light-sensitive compounds, odors, pheromones, hormones, and neurotransmitters, and vary in size from small molecules to peptides to large proteins. G protein–coupled receptors are involved in many diseases, and are also the target of approximately 40% of all modern medicinal drugs. Two of the United States's top five selling drugs (Hydrocodone and Lisinopril) act by targeting a G protein–coupled receptor. The 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Brian Kobilka and Robert Lefkowitz for their work that was ""crucial for understanding how G protein–coupled receptors function."". There have been at least seven other Nobel Prizes awarded for some aspect of G protein–mediated signaling.There are two principal signal transduction pathways involving the G protein–coupled receptors: the cAMP signal pathway and the phosphatidylinositol signal pathway. When a ligand binds to the GPCR it causes a conformational change in the GPCR, which allows it to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). The GPCR can then activate an associated G protein by exchanging its bound GDP for a GTP. The G protein's α subunit, together with the bound GTP, can then dissociate from the β and γ subunits to further affect intracellular signaling proteins or target functional proteins directly depending on the α subunit type (Gαs, Gαi/o, Gαq/11, Gα12/13).