1 Introduction and History Introduction to the course (syllabus
... (1) biosynthesis (2) energy production b. analysis of cells shows that 95% of dry weight is made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron (1) termed the macroelements or macronutrients (2) COHNSP are components of carbohydrates, lipids, pr ...
... (1) biosynthesis (2) energy production b. analysis of cells shows that 95% of dry weight is made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron (1) termed the macroelements or macronutrients (2) COHNSP are components of carbohydrates, lipids, pr ...
Multiple roles for ATP hydrolysis in nucleic acid modifying enzymes
... coupling. There are many examples of this mechanism in other areas of biochemistry (e.g. glycolysis), but surprisingly few in nucleic acid biochemistry. DNA (and RNA) ligases cleave ATP to AMP and PPi but trap the chemical energy directly via a covalent linkage of the AMP to a lysine side chain in t ...
... coupling. There are many examples of this mechanism in other areas of biochemistry (e.g. glycolysis), but surprisingly few in nucleic acid biochemistry. DNA (and RNA) ligases cleave ATP to AMP and PPi but trap the chemical energy directly via a covalent linkage of the AMP to a lysine side chain in t ...
Photosynthesis Powerpoint review
... In C4 plants the steps of carbon fixation and Calvin cycle are separated by location in different types of cells. How are these separated in CAM plants? By time; carbon fixation happens at night, then Calvin cycle uses the stored carbon during the day ...
... In C4 plants the steps of carbon fixation and Calvin cycle are separated by location in different types of cells. How are these separated in CAM plants? By time; carbon fixation happens at night, then Calvin cycle uses the stored carbon during the day ...
Ch 25 Powerpoint
... Carbohydrate Metabolism Mitochondrial ATP Production If oxygen supplies are adequate, mitochondria absorb and break down pyruvic acid molecules: H atoms of pyruvic acid are removed by coenzymes and are primary source of energy gain C and O atoms are removed and released as CO2 in the process ...
... Carbohydrate Metabolism Mitochondrial ATP Production If oxygen supplies are adequate, mitochondria absorb and break down pyruvic acid molecules: H atoms of pyruvic acid are removed by coenzymes and are primary source of energy gain C and O atoms are removed and released as CO2 in the process ...
The Calvin Cycle
... •Requires ATP and NADPH (reducing power) •Requires 9 ATP and 6 NADPH (which are regenerated by light reactions) ...
... •Requires ATP and NADPH (reducing power) •Requires 9 ATP and 6 NADPH (which are regenerated by light reactions) ...
Study Guide A
... absorb and transfer sugars / energy. 12. The light-independent reactions require light / do not require light, and they build sugars / energy. 13. Use the space below to sketch a chloroplast. Label the grana, thylakoids, and stroma. Indicate where each of the following steps of the photosynthetic pr ...
... absorb and transfer sugars / energy. 12. The light-independent reactions require light / do not require light, and they build sugars / energy. 13. Use the space below to sketch a chloroplast. Label the grana, thylakoids, and stroma. Indicate where each of the following steps of the photosynthetic pr ...
AP Biology Chapter 9.2016
... • Glycolysis is the decomposition (lysis) of glucose (glyco) to pyruvate. • Catabolic pathway during which Glucose is split into two 3-carbon sugars, which are then oxidized and rearranged by a step-wise process that produces pyruvate & ATP • Follow the next few slides on pages 169 ...
... • Glycolysis is the decomposition (lysis) of glucose (glyco) to pyruvate. • Catabolic pathway during which Glucose is split into two 3-carbon sugars, which are then oxidized and rearranged by a step-wise process that produces pyruvate & ATP • Follow the next few slides on pages 169 ...
Chapter 14 Glycolysis and the catabolism of hexoses
... Total of 10 reactions first 5 are preparatory, breaking glucose into 3C units Cost 2 ATP to phosphorylate the sugar in the process last 5 are energy yielding 1 NADH and 2 ATP are formed from each 3C unit thus overall cost is -2ATP +2 NADH + 4 ATP For a net of 2NADH and 2 ATP/1glucose62 pyruvate depe ...
... Total of 10 reactions first 5 are preparatory, breaking glucose into 3C units Cost 2 ATP to phosphorylate the sugar in the process last 5 are energy yielding 1 NADH and 2 ATP are formed from each 3C unit thus overall cost is -2ATP +2 NADH + 4 ATP For a net of 2NADH and 2 ATP/1glucose62 pyruvate depe ...
Cellular Energy and Enzymatic Function
... • Substrates bind to active site on enzyme • Binding induces conformational change in enzyme--better ”fit” for substrate • Active sites are highly specific and ...
... • Substrates bind to active site on enzyme • Binding induces conformational change in enzyme--better ”fit” for substrate • Active sites are highly specific and ...
Lecture #8 - Faculty Web Sites at the University of Virginia
... Carbohydrates may be oxidized to Carbon dioxide with a great yield of energy. If we couple this to a process called Oxidative Phosphorylation we can assemble ADP + Pi to form ATP. We can also couple ATP hydrolysis to the Na+/K+ pump to drive ion exchange across the membrane. Enzymes Biological catal ...
... Carbohydrates may be oxidized to Carbon dioxide with a great yield of energy. If we couple this to a process called Oxidative Phosphorylation we can assemble ADP + Pi to form ATP. We can also couple ATP hydrolysis to the Na+/K+ pump to drive ion exchange across the membrane. Enzymes Biological catal ...
Mitochondrial Shuttles and Transporters - Rose
... obvious for the mitochondria, where the inner membrane is a barrier to the transit of most molecules. A few molecules can cross the mitochondrial inner membrane unassisted. These include small, uncharged molecules (e.g., CO2, O2, and NH3), and some small carboxylic acids, probably in their uncharged ...
... obvious for the mitochondria, where the inner membrane is a barrier to the transit of most molecules. A few molecules can cross the mitochondrial inner membrane unassisted. These include small, uncharged molecules (e.g., CO2, O2, and NH3), and some small carboxylic acids, probably in their uncharged ...
classification of enzymes
... • Catalysis by Strain : Binding of Enzyme to substrates whose covalent bond are to be cleaved in an unfavorable configuration thereby exerting strain on the bonds ,stretching or distorting bonds. • Covalent Catalysis: Formation of transient covalent bond between enzyme & substrate(s) makes it more r ...
... • Catalysis by Strain : Binding of Enzyme to substrates whose covalent bond are to be cleaved in an unfavorable configuration thereby exerting strain on the bonds ,stretching or distorting bonds. • Covalent Catalysis: Formation of transient covalent bond between enzyme & substrate(s) makes it more r ...
lecture notes-metabolism pathways-web
... • Under aerobic conditions • Taking place - in mitochondria in eucaryotes - associated with membrane-bound enzymes in procaryotes • Pyruvate produced in glycolysis (EMP) pathway transfer its reducing power to NAD+. ...
... • Under aerobic conditions • Taking place - in mitochondria in eucaryotes - associated with membrane-bound enzymes in procaryotes • Pyruvate produced in glycolysis (EMP) pathway transfer its reducing power to NAD+. ...
Chapter 7
... complicated processes; each requires many steps and many enzymes. The two processes are called: 1. The TCA cycle- in this process, H atoms are carefully removed from each acetyl. The H atoms carry energy-rich electrons. They will then be transported to: 2. The Electron Transport Chain- in this proce ...
... complicated processes; each requires many steps and many enzymes. The two processes are called: 1. The TCA cycle- in this process, H atoms are carefully removed from each acetyl. The H atoms carry energy-rich electrons. They will then be transported to: 2. The Electron Transport Chain- in this proce ...
Basic_Chemistry___Biochemistry__Ch_2__S2
... Electrons in water molecule – spend more time circling larger oxygen atom than smaller hydrogen atom; leads to charge distribution across the whole molecule Hydrogen bonding in water imparts very special characteristics to water that are extremely important for life; water is the most important mole ...
... Electrons in water molecule – spend more time circling larger oxygen atom than smaller hydrogen atom; leads to charge distribution across the whole molecule Hydrogen bonding in water imparts very special characteristics to water that are extremely important for life; water is the most important mole ...
Cells, Mitosis-Meiosis, Photosynthesis
... Scientists think that glycolysis evolved before the other stages of cellular respiration. This is because the other stages need oxygen, whereas glycolysis does not, and there was no oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere when life first evolved about 3.5 to 4 billion years ago. Cellular respiration that proce ...
... Scientists think that glycolysis evolved before the other stages of cellular respiration. This is because the other stages need oxygen, whereas glycolysis does not, and there was no oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere when life first evolved about 3.5 to 4 billion years ago. Cellular respiration that proce ...
File - Serrano High School AP Biology
... Oxidation is the loss of an electron, i.e. Fe2+ -----> Fe3+ + 1e-. The Fe2+ ion has been oxidized. The ion has lost an e- and a negative charge. Reduction is the gain of an electron. i.e. O + e- ----> O-. When the oxygen receives an electron, it gains a negative charge. Some compounds can accept and ...
... Oxidation is the loss of an electron, i.e. Fe2+ -----> Fe3+ + 1e-. The Fe2+ ion has been oxidized. The ion has lost an e- and a negative charge. Reduction is the gain of an electron. i.e. O + e- ----> O-. When the oxygen receives an electron, it gains a negative charge. Some compounds can accept and ...
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration Other Metabolites
... Carbohydrates vs. Fats Fat generates 2x ATP vs. carbohydrate more C in gram of fat more O in gram of carbohydrate ...
... Carbohydrates vs. Fats Fat generates 2x ATP vs. carbohydrate more C in gram of fat more O in gram of carbohydrate ...
ppt
... • An alternate catabolic process, fermentation – Is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen (in anaerobic conditions) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... • An alternate catabolic process, fermentation – Is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen (in anaerobic conditions) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Chapt 6
... The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules • The citric acid cycle • is also called the Krebs cycle (after the GermanBritish researcher Hans Krebs, who worked out much of this pathway in the 1930s), • completes the oxidation of organ ...
... The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules • The citric acid cycle • is also called the Krebs cycle (after the GermanBritish researcher Hans Krebs, who worked out much of this pathway in the 1930s), • completes the oxidation of organ ...
Chapter 9 - Cellular Respiration
... In the electron transport chain, the electrons move from molecule to molecule until they combine with molecular oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water. As they are passed along the chain, the energy carried by these electrons is transformed in the mitochondrion into a form that can be used to sy ...
... In the electron transport chain, the electrons move from molecule to molecule until they combine with molecular oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water. As they are passed along the chain, the energy carried by these electrons is transformed in the mitochondrion into a form that can be used to sy ...
Chapter 25: Metabolism
... TCA Cycle • Occurs in mitochondrial matrix • Acetyl-CoA (2C) + 4C 6C 5C 4C • C atoms removed and combined with O2 CO2 • H atoms removed by coenzymes (FAD, NAD) ...
... TCA Cycle • Occurs in mitochondrial matrix • Acetyl-CoA (2C) + 4C 6C 5C 4C • C atoms removed and combined with O2 CO2 • H atoms removed by coenzymes (FAD, NAD) ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.