Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Inflammation: Its Involvement in
... thus sustaining endothelial dysfunction and promoting thrombotic events in patients with cardiovascular diseases. 4.4. Oxidized Haemoglobin. Microvascular haemorrhage in atherosclerotic plaques is a common event in advanced lesions [55]. Intraplaque haemorrhage is an event characterizing high-risk “ ...
... thus sustaining endothelial dysfunction and promoting thrombotic events in patients with cardiovascular diseases. 4.4. Oxidized Haemoglobin. Microvascular haemorrhage in atherosclerotic plaques is a common event in advanced lesions [55]. Intraplaque haemorrhage is an event characterizing high-risk “ ...
Natural Antimicrobial Peptides: Pleiotropic Molecules in Host Defense
... parasites, bacteria and viruses. But it is the innate immunity that is responsible for the rapid initial defense against the pathogen. The co-evolution of hosts and pathogens has led to a diverse group of peptides that the host produces in order to kill or reduce the infective microbes. These peptid ...
... parasites, bacteria and viruses. But it is the innate immunity that is responsible for the rapid initial defense against the pathogen. The co-evolution of hosts and pathogens has led to a diverse group of peptides that the host produces in order to kill or reduce the infective microbes. These peptid ...
Kuby`s Immunology
... animal and a bone marrow chimera animal? What is the importance of a bone marrow chimera animal in immunological studies? Explain how the control of MHC restriction is the genetic basis for the functional specificity of T cells. ...
... animal and a bone marrow chimera animal? What is the importance of a bone marrow chimera animal in immunological studies? Explain how the control of MHC restriction is the genetic basis for the functional specificity of T cells. ...
The Most Cunning Parasite From an Immunological Perspective
... It is well known that our skin helps to protect us from our environment. What happens when it is used to get rid of a foreign body unnaturally? This paper discusses how this could happen by way of a parasite called Dracunculus medinensis, and the process by which it occurs. Parasites have been known ...
... It is well known that our skin helps to protect us from our environment. What happens when it is used to get rid of a foreign body unnaturally? This paper discusses how this could happen by way of a parasite called Dracunculus medinensis, and the process by which it occurs. Parasites have been known ...
L-Arginine Exacerbates Experimental Cerebral Malaria by
... Pais and Chatterjee 2005). The failure to establish a balance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses is likely one of the underlying causes of severe malaria (Walther et al. 2009). Therefore, an appropriate and effective immune response during malaria infection is essential for the ...
... Pais and Chatterjee 2005). The failure to establish a balance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses is likely one of the underlying causes of severe malaria (Walther et al. 2009). Therefore, an appropriate and effective immune response during malaria infection is essential for the ...
Endoplasmic reticulum stress in obesity and type 2 diabetes
... mice and humans. It has been suggested that expanding adipocytes or neighboring preadipocytes might begin to produce chemotactic signals leading to macrophage recruitment. IKK-β(inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) kinase-β) signalling in myeloid lineage can affect systemic metabolic regulation, s ...
... mice and humans. It has been suggested that expanding adipocytes or neighboring preadipocytes might begin to produce chemotactic signals leading to macrophage recruitment. IKK-β(inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) kinase-β) signalling in myeloid lineage can affect systemic metabolic regulation, s ...
Third generation dendritic cell vaccines for tumor immunotherapy
... Among the various types of antigen presenting cells (APCs), dendritic cells (DCs) are considered to be the most potent because they can efficiently prime naïve T cells during development of T cell-mediated immunity and stimulate adaptive immune responses. Particularly, immature DCs have an exceptiona ...
... Among the various types of antigen presenting cells (APCs), dendritic cells (DCs) are considered to be the most potent because they can efficiently prime naïve T cells during development of T cell-mediated immunity and stimulate adaptive immune responses. Particularly, immature DCs have an exceptiona ...
Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology Vol.46 No.1
... When normal syngeneic RPE cells are implanted into the subretinal space of mutant Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats, the cells survive and rescue photoreceptor cells otherwise destined to undergo degeneration.10–15 Yet, despite these encouraging successes, in clinical practice the use of syngenei ...
... When normal syngeneic RPE cells are implanted into the subretinal space of mutant Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats, the cells survive and rescue photoreceptor cells otherwise destined to undergo degeneration.10–15 Yet, despite these encouraging successes, in clinical practice the use of syngenei ...
The hepatitis C virus enigma
... major event at this early stage is the polarization of the T helper (Th) response into Th1 and Th2 cells (25). Whereas Th1 cells produce interleukin (IL) 2 and IFN-g and activate macrophages and cytotoxic CD81 T cells, Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13, the secretion of which ...
... major event at this early stage is the polarization of the T helper (Th) response into Th1 and Th2 cells (25). Whereas Th1 cells produce interleukin (IL) 2 and IFN-g and activate macrophages and cytotoxic CD81 T cells, Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13, the secretion of which ...
Induction of immune responses in sheep by vaccination with
... sporozoites) and (ii) eliciting early and powerful immune responses in mice and humans (Ismael et al. 2003, Beghetto et al. 2005). We have focused on the development of a DNA-based vaccine because such vaccines have been shown to elicit potent, long-lasting humoral and cell-mediated immunity, as wel ...
... sporozoites) and (ii) eliciting early and powerful immune responses in mice and humans (Ismael et al. 2003, Beghetto et al. 2005). We have focused on the development of a DNA-based vaccine because such vaccines have been shown to elicit potent, long-lasting humoral and cell-mediated immunity, as wel ...
antibody isotyping Guide - Thermo Fisher Scientific
... plasma cells (white blood cells). They act as a critical part of the immune response by specifically recognizing and binding to particular antigens, such as bacteria or viruses and aiding in their destruction. The antibody immune response is highly complex and exceedingly specific. Antibodies exist ...
... plasma cells (white blood cells). They act as a critical part of the immune response by specifically recognizing and binding to particular antigens, such as bacteria or viruses and aiding in their destruction. The antibody immune response is highly complex and exceedingly specific. Antibodies exist ...
Molecular signatures of T-cell inhibition in HIV-1 infection REVI E W Open Access
... effects might arise when interfering with the PD-1 pathway [19,20,26]. Accumulating evidence shows that HIVand SIV-specific CTLs express high levels of PD-1, which contributes to the impaired proliferative T-cell responses [21,27,28]. The control of viral load in HIV and SIV infections correlates wi ...
... effects might arise when interfering with the PD-1 pathway [19,20,26]. Accumulating evidence shows that HIVand SIV-specific CTLs express high levels of PD-1, which contributes to the impaired proliferative T-cell responses [21,27,28]. The control of viral load in HIV and SIV infections correlates wi ...
Molecular signatures of T-cell inhibition in HIV-1
... effects might arise when interfering with the PD-1 pathway [19,20,26]. Accumulating evidence shows that HIVand SIV-specific CTLs express high levels of PD-1, which contributes to the impaired proliferative T-cell responses [21,27,28]. The control of viral load in HIV and SIV infections correlates wi ...
... effects might arise when interfering with the PD-1 pathway [19,20,26]. Accumulating evidence shows that HIVand SIV-specific CTLs express high levels of PD-1, which contributes to the impaired proliferative T-cell responses [21,27,28]. The control of viral load in HIV and SIV infections correlates wi ...
Flagellin from Marinobacter algicola and Vibrio vulnificus activates
... despite the success against bacterial pathogen, their ability in viral disease has been low ...
... despite the success against bacterial pathogen, their ability in viral disease has been low ...
Host-Intestinal Microbe Interactions in Human Health and Disease
... breast milk, in addition to being a complete food for the infant’s energy metabolism, also contains growth factors, immunoglobulins, oligosaccharides, and various live bacteria such as Staphylococci, Streptococci, Bifidobacteria, and lactic acid-producing bacteria.16 Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO ...
... breast milk, in addition to being a complete food for the infant’s energy metabolism, also contains growth factors, immunoglobulins, oligosaccharides, and various live bacteria such as Staphylococci, Streptococci, Bifidobacteria, and lactic acid-producing bacteria.16 Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO ...
Role and therapeutic value of dendritic cells in central
... DC activity is a potential therapeutic approach for MS and other immune-mediated diseases, particularly for the re-establishment of antigen-specific tolerance. However, these drugs were not specifically designed to target DCs and obviously affect many cell types and biological processes in vivo, pot ...
... DC activity is a potential therapeutic approach for MS and other immune-mediated diseases, particularly for the re-establishment of antigen-specific tolerance. However, these drugs were not specifically designed to target DCs and obviously affect many cell types and biological processes in vivo, pot ...
The immune responses of the coral
... components of corals. Moreover, investigations working on recognition receptors found in other invertebrates suggest that numerous coral immunerelated pathway components have yet to be identified. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) Like all animals, corals rely on their capacity to detect non-self ...
... components of corals. Moreover, investigations working on recognition receptors found in other invertebrates suggest that numerous coral immunerelated pathway components have yet to be identified. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) Like all animals, corals rely on their capacity to detect non-self ...
lecture-4-radioimmunassay
... • The main drawbacks to radioimmunoassay are the expense and hazards if preparing and handling the radioactive antigen. • Both 125I or 131I emit gamma radiation that requires special counting equipment; • The body concentrates iodine atoms — radioactive or not — in the thyroid gland where they are ...
... • The main drawbacks to radioimmunoassay are the expense and hazards if preparing and handling the radioactive antigen. • Both 125I or 131I emit gamma radiation that requires special counting equipment; • The body concentrates iodine atoms — radioactive or not — in the thyroid gland where they are ...
Low CD4+ T Cell Nadir Is an Independent Predictor of Lower HIV
... prior longitudinal studies have found decreasing HIV-1–specific immune responses during HAART [15], our cross-sectional data suggest that a group of subjects with a longer duration of complete viral suppression may be “enriched” for individuals with higher magnitudes of HIV-1–specific immune respons ...
... prior longitudinal studies have found decreasing HIV-1–specific immune responses during HAART [15], our cross-sectional data suggest that a group of subjects with a longer duration of complete viral suppression may be “enriched” for individuals with higher magnitudes of HIV-1–specific immune respons ...
Olive oil and immune system functions: potential
... protection of the host from infectious agents. Hence, immune system should recognise the self from non-self and to eliminate non-self, which constitutes a critical function of this system. The innate arm of immunity prevents the entry of infectious agents into the body. It plays a crucial role in th ...
... protection of the host from infectious agents. Hence, immune system should recognise the self from non-self and to eliminate non-self, which constitutes a critical function of this system. The innate arm of immunity prevents the entry of infectious agents into the body. It plays a crucial role in th ...
Immune complex formation in IgA nephropathy
... Why patients with IgAN have excess amounts of poorly galactosylated IgA1 Oglycoforms in their serum remains unknown. A number of explanations have been put forward, including an enzymatic defect in IgA1 O-glycosylation that is at least in part inherited.6 One alternative explanation is that poorly O ...
... Why patients with IgAN have excess amounts of poorly galactosylated IgA1 Oglycoforms in their serum remains unknown. A number of explanations have been put forward, including an enzymatic defect in IgA1 O-glycosylation that is at least in part inherited.6 One alternative explanation is that poorly O ...
Bloodless revolution
... Crohn’s disease patients contain more, not less, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. General defects in perinodal adipose tissue leading to impaired immune function could explain the association between the bowel disorders and other chronic diseases such as arthritis, eczema and rhinitis (Book et al. 2 ...
... Crohn’s disease patients contain more, not less, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. General defects in perinodal adipose tissue leading to impaired immune function could explain the association between the bowel disorders and other chronic diseases such as arthritis, eczema and rhinitis (Book et al. 2 ...
Immune system
The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity.Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer.Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.