Response of naïve and memory CD8+ T cells to antigen stimulation
... cell basis” at dealing with antigen in vivo. Because of these limitations, previous comparative studies between naïve and primed populations were made with T cell receptor-transgenic (TCR-Tg) populations, usually after in vitro activation. It was shown that under these conditions memory cells are mo ...
... cell basis” at dealing with antigen in vivo. Because of these limitations, previous comparative studies between naïve and primed populations were made with T cell receptor-transgenic (TCR-Tg) populations, usually after in vitro activation. It was shown that under these conditions memory cells are mo ...
Energy regulation and neuroendocrine–immune control in
... immune system and – in children-growth of the body (Fig. 2). Shortly after sleep onset, growth hormone which stimulates gluconeogenesis is important hormone for glucose allocation to the immune system. As immune cells use mainly glucose, growth hormoneassociated provision of glucose is important for ...
... immune system and – in children-growth of the body (Fig. 2). Shortly after sleep onset, growth hormone which stimulates gluconeogenesis is important hormone for glucose allocation to the immune system. As immune cells use mainly glucose, growth hormoneassociated provision of glucose is important for ...
NK cells in immunotolerant organs
... is also inducible to non-self-antigens.1,2 Therefore, immunotolerance is an important feature in protecting an organism from autoimmune damage and for the maintenance of the organism’s homeostasis. In the search for new therapeutics, researchers studying immunotolerance may be able to reprogram the ...
... is also inducible to non-self-antigens.1,2 Therefore, immunotolerance is an important feature in protecting an organism from autoimmune damage and for the maintenance of the organism’s homeostasis. In the search for new therapeutics, researchers studying immunotolerance may be able to reprogram the ...
WHEY PROTEINS AND IMMUNITY
... attack and destroy foreign microbes without requiring specific antigen markers, whereas the hallmarks of specific immune defense are precision and memory.21 Specific immune defense involves the recruitment of the B cells and T cells (lymphocytes); only these cells remember how to conquer past invade ...
... attack and destroy foreign microbes without requiring specific antigen markers, whereas the hallmarks of specific immune defense are precision and memory.21 Specific immune defense involves the recruitment of the B cells and T cells (lymphocytes); only these cells remember how to conquer past invade ...
... improper immunological reactions. A decrease in particular childhood infections, or a lower exposure to microbial components in infancy, has been suggested as contributing factors to the higher allergy prevalence seen in affluent societies during the last decades. An altered overall spectrum of infe ...
Mice that “conditionally” lack basophils, AT LAST
... these findings is imperative. In this issue of the JCI, Wada and colleagues introduce the first mouse model in which basophils are conditionally ablated in vivo. Using this model, they then uncover a nonredundant role for basophils in acquired immunity against tick infection. Basophils, the least ab ...
... these findings is imperative. In this issue of the JCI, Wada and colleagues introduce the first mouse model in which basophils are conditionally ablated in vivo. Using this model, they then uncover a nonredundant role for basophils in acquired immunity against tick infection. Basophils, the least ab ...
Inflammation response in AD - UvA-DARE
... most toxic, but recently it became clear that the non-fribrillar, soluble forms of Aβ are more poisonous (Carrotta et al., 2006). This is supported by the fact that the concentration of soluble Aβ shows a strong correlation with cognitive dysfunction, while the number of senile plaques is poorly cor ...
... most toxic, but recently it became clear that the non-fribrillar, soluble forms of Aβ are more poisonous (Carrotta et al., 2006). This is supported by the fact that the concentration of soluble Aβ shows a strong correlation with cognitive dysfunction, while the number of senile plaques is poorly cor ...
PI3K and negative regulation of TLR signaling
... SOCS-1 have unique roles in the gate-keeping system, preventing excessive innate immune responses. Innate immune reactions are triggered through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that recognize a variety of microbial products collectively termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) [1– 3]. Stimul ...
... SOCS-1 have unique roles in the gate-keeping system, preventing excessive innate immune responses. Innate immune reactions are triggered through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that recognize a variety of microbial products collectively termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) [1– 3]. Stimul ...
Maternal immune characteristics and innate immune responses in the
... Thus, mice unable to mount an adaptive immune response died rapidly after infection. Unexpectedly, the mice were shown not to die of unchecked microbial infection, but from damage caused by uncontrolled inflammatory cytokines released by the innate immune system [5]. ...
... Thus, mice unable to mount an adaptive immune response died rapidly after infection. Unexpectedly, the mice were shown not to die of unchecked microbial infection, but from damage caused by uncontrolled inflammatory cytokines released by the innate immune system [5]. ...
the lymphatic system and immunity
... Describe antibody-mediated immunity. What is it effective against? In antibody-mediated (humoral) immune responses, B cells proliferate to form two subclone populations, plasma cells and memory B cells. Plasma cells secrete antibodies specific for the particular antigen that stimulated the response ...
... Describe antibody-mediated immunity. What is it effective against? In antibody-mediated (humoral) immune responses, B cells proliferate to form two subclone populations, plasma cells and memory B cells. Plasma cells secrete antibodies specific for the particular antigen that stimulated the response ...
Latent Infection with Cytomegalovirus Is Associated with Poor
... virus respond as well as the young. Hence, advanced chronological age plays a role in depressed responses to influenza but only in concert with CMV infection. Our data also suggest that contrary to the widely accepted concept, a more late-differentiated CD4 compartment is not detrimental but is asso ...
... virus respond as well as the young. Hence, advanced chronological age plays a role in depressed responses to influenza but only in concert with CMV infection. Our data also suggest that contrary to the widely accepted concept, a more late-differentiated CD4 compartment is not detrimental but is asso ...
Challenges and strategies: The immune responses in gene therapy
... interest are packaged into the viral capsid, which then bud out of the cell and become an infectious viral particle. These particles are composed of certain viral proteins that can target the host cells; however, the viral proteins, which are recognized as non-self by host immune system, could induc ...
... interest are packaged into the viral capsid, which then bud out of the cell and become an infectious viral particle. These particles are composed of certain viral proteins that can target the host cells; however, the viral proteins, which are recognized as non-self by host immune system, could induc ...
Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy
... present our own slant on some related topics: early embryonic loss and maternal monitoring of embryo fitness. Next, we address the concept of the conceptus as an intruder, antigenically foreign to the mother, that likely survives by avoidance of direct immune confrontation. Finally, we close the rev ...
... present our own slant on some related topics: early embryonic loss and maternal monitoring of embryo fitness. Next, we address the concept of the conceptus as an intruder, antigenically foreign to the mother, that likely survives by avoidance of direct immune confrontation. Finally, we close the rev ...
Type 2 Immunity Reflects Orchestrated Recruitment of Cells
... also Stat6 independent. In contrast, eosinophil (and Th2 cell) recruitment to the lung was dependent on Stat6 expression by a bone marrow-derived tissue resident cell, whereas basophil recruitment was Stat6 and IL-4/IL-13 independent but T cell dependent. Primary type 2 immune responses in the lung ...
... also Stat6 independent. In contrast, eosinophil (and Th2 cell) recruitment to the lung was dependent on Stat6 expression by a bone marrow-derived tissue resident cell, whereas basophil recruitment was Stat6 and IL-4/IL-13 independent but T cell dependent. Primary type 2 immune responses in the lung ...
Effects of supplementation with tocotrienol-rich fraction on
... 1997a, b) and Brown Norway rats (Gu et al., 1999). However, the effects of tocotrienol on the human immune system following immunization have not been investigated. Activated T cells can differentiate into effector T cells showing distinct patterns of cytokine production. The T-helper-1 (TH1) cells, ...
... 1997a, b) and Brown Norway rats (Gu et al., 1999). However, the effects of tocotrienol on the human immune system following immunization have not been investigated. Activated T cells can differentiate into effector T cells showing distinct patterns of cytokine production. The T-helper-1 (TH1) cells, ...
Self Antigens Expressed by Solid Tumors Do Not Efficiently
... CTL activity upon viral immunization. Thus, the tumorspecific CTLs were efficiently activated by LCMV infection but not by the tumor. Systematic comparisons of histological sections confirmed that significant CD81 cell infiltration was found only in LCMV-immunized mice where the b-islet cells expres ...
... CTL activity upon viral immunization. Thus, the tumorspecific CTLs were efficiently activated by LCMV infection but not by the tumor. Systematic comparisons of histological sections confirmed that significant CD81 cell infiltration was found only in LCMV-immunized mice where the b-islet cells expres ...
Autoimmunity and pulmonary hypertension: a perspective REVIEW
... identical twins of a patient with type 1 diabetes will develop the disease [35]. Environmental factors such as dietary or viral infections have been invoked as necessary ‘‘second hits’’ to develop this disease. Similarly, it is likely that a two-hit phenomenon may be required such that autoimmunity ...
... identical twins of a patient with type 1 diabetes will develop the disease [35]. Environmental factors such as dietary or viral infections have been invoked as necessary ‘‘second hits’’ to develop this disease. Similarly, it is likely that a two-hit phenomenon may be required such that autoimmunity ...
18 DISEASES CAUSED BY IMMUNE RESPONSES
... prevalent type of hypersensitivity disease and will be described separately in Chapter 19. Antibodies other than IgE can cause tissue injury by activating the complement system, recruiting inflammatory cells, and by interfering with normal cellular functions. Some of these antibodies are specific fo ...
... prevalent type of hypersensitivity disease and will be described separately in Chapter 19. Antibodies other than IgE can cause tissue injury by activating the complement system, recruiting inflammatory cells, and by interfering with normal cellular functions. Some of these antibodies are specific fo ...
Soluble β-glucan and heparin as modulators of the immune
... colorectal and lung cancer, and oncogene product HER2/Neu can be successfully targeted by trastuzumab (Herceptin) in certain breast cancers (Weiner et al., 2010). An alternative to monoclonal antibody therapy is therapeutic vaccination. The aim of this treatment strategy is to persuade the immune sy ...
... colorectal and lung cancer, and oncogene product HER2/Neu can be successfully targeted by trastuzumab (Herceptin) in certain breast cancers (Weiner et al., 2010). An alternative to monoclonal antibody therapy is therapeutic vaccination. The aim of this treatment strategy is to persuade the immune sy ...
MHC Molecules
... • The 2 classes of MHC molecule are specialised to present different sources of antigen • MHC class I molecules present endogenously synthesised antigens, e.g. viral proteins • MHC class II molecules present exogenously derived proteins, e.g. bacterial products or viral capsid proteins • The cell bi ...
... • The 2 classes of MHC molecule are specialised to present different sources of antigen • MHC class I molecules present endogenously synthesised antigens, e.g. viral proteins • MHC class II molecules present exogenously derived proteins, e.g. bacterial products or viral capsid proteins • The cell bi ...
Immune system
The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity.Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer.Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.