The Regulatory Role of Invariant NKT Cells in Tumor Immunity
... In contrast with conventional T cells, which recognize protein-derived antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules, the T-cell receptors (TCR) on NKT cells recognize both exogenous and endogenous lipids presented in the context of the nonpolymorphic, M ...
... In contrast with conventional T cells, which recognize protein-derived antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules, the T-cell receptors (TCR) on NKT cells recognize both exogenous and endogenous lipids presented in the context of the nonpolymorphic, M ...
Immunology and Immunotherapy in allergic disease
... and occurs 1-2 days after antigen exposure. Clinical allergic diseases are type I IgE mediated hypersensitivity reactions. There are two well-defined phases of the Type I hypersensitivity reaction. 1) Initial response characterized by vasodilatation, vascular leakage, and smooth muscle spasm or glan ...
... and occurs 1-2 days after antigen exposure. Clinical allergic diseases are type I IgE mediated hypersensitivity reactions. There are two well-defined phases of the Type I hypersensitivity reaction. 1) Initial response characterized by vasodilatation, vascular leakage, and smooth muscle spasm or glan ...
NIH Public Access
... The human fetus lives in a germ-free intrauterine environment and enters the outside world containing microorganisms from several sources, resulting in gut colonization. Full-term, vaginally born infants are completely colonized with a diverse array of bacterial families in clusters (Phyla) and spec ...
... The human fetus lives in a germ-free intrauterine environment and enters the outside world containing microorganisms from several sources, resulting in gut colonization. Full-term, vaginally born infants are completely colonized with a diverse array of bacterial families in clusters (Phyla) and spec ...
Augmenting the First Line of Defense in Gastrointentinal
... There are 13 different TLRs known in the human genome, each specific for unique class(es) of MAPs from bacteria, fungi and others8-10. Structurally, TLRs are transmembrane receptors; they survey the extracellular fluids, including endosomal compartments8. In contrast, NLRs are present in the cytosol ...
... There are 13 different TLRs known in the human genome, each specific for unique class(es) of MAPs from bacteria, fungi and others8-10. Structurally, TLRs are transmembrane receptors; they survey the extracellular fluids, including endosomal compartments8. In contrast, NLRs are present in the cytosol ...
Phagocytic ability declines with age in adult Drosophila hemocytes
... 2007; Haine et al., 2008). While decline in either or both of these components could contribute to immunosenescence, their individual roles have not been characterized in most studies because common assays, like the ability to survive and/or clear bacterial infection, combine the effects of both. Re ...
... 2007; Haine et al., 2008). While decline in either or both of these components could contribute to immunosenescence, their individual roles have not been characterized in most studies because common assays, like the ability to survive and/or clear bacterial infection, combine the effects of both. Re ...
Asthma, inflammation and anti-inflammatory treatments: Controlling
... release of a broad range of soluble mediators. These soluble mediators are a form of longer range biochemical communication that sends signals to other immune cell types, causing them to respond in ways appropriate to the nature of the invader. This type of cell to cell communication is known as ‘pa ...
... release of a broad range of soluble mediators. These soluble mediators are a form of longer range biochemical communication that sends signals to other immune cell types, causing them to respond in ways appropriate to the nature of the invader. This type of cell to cell communication is known as ‘pa ...
Biased to Th2 Secondary Responses Primary Effector Responses In
... responses in vivo. However, in those experiments, the actual responses were not tested until weeks later, after the animal had grown into adulthood. Because of this experimental delay, the possibility that the mature responses may actually have been made by cells produced later in life could not be ...
... responses in vivo. However, in those experiments, the actual responses were not tested until weeks later, after the animal had grown into adulthood. Because of this experimental delay, the possibility that the mature responses may actually have been made by cells produced later in life could not be ...
Complement-induced regulatory T cells suppress T
... Figure 1. CD46-induced Tr1-like cell supernatants do not suppress dendritic-cell (DC) maturation despite high IL-10 content. (A) General experimental approach. Purified human blood monocytes were cultured in GM-CSF/IL-4–containing media for 72 hours. The generated DC precursors were incubated for 24 ...
... Figure 1. CD46-induced Tr1-like cell supernatants do not suppress dendritic-cell (DC) maturation despite high IL-10 content. (A) General experimental approach. Purified human blood monocytes were cultured in GM-CSF/IL-4–containing media for 72 hours. The generated DC precursors were incubated for 24 ...
Gastrointestinal helminths may affect host
... anthrax seasonality are currently not understood, though anthrax is less likely directly driven by environmental factors. Results: We measured a complex, interacting set of variables and found evidence that GI helminth infection intensities, eosinophil counts, IgE and IgGb antibody titers, and possi ...
... anthrax seasonality are currently not understood, though anthrax is less likely directly driven by environmental factors. Results: We measured a complex, interacting set of variables and found evidence that GI helminth infection intensities, eosinophil counts, IgE and IgGb antibody titers, and possi ...
Metabolic syndrome: the danger signal in
... expenditures and are an important source of human suffering (Hoffman et al 1996). Lifestyle modifications such as poor dietary patterns and physical inactivity are recent events in the human evolution and are responsible for the development of obesity, which has reached an epidemic proportion in Nor ...
... expenditures and are an important source of human suffering (Hoffman et al 1996). Lifestyle modifications such as poor dietary patterns and physical inactivity are recent events in the human evolution and are responsible for the development of obesity, which has reached an epidemic proportion in Nor ...
Modulation of Allospecific CTL Responses During Pregnancy in
... ince Peter Medawar (1) first posed the problem of the fetus-as-allograft nearly 50 years ago, “Nature’s transplant” has provided a rich environment for theory and experimentation at the interfaces between mother and fetus, and between immunology and reproduction. Three recent studies in mice have pr ...
... ince Peter Medawar (1) first posed the problem of the fetus-as-allograft nearly 50 years ago, “Nature’s transplant” has provided a rich environment for theory and experimentation at the interfaces between mother and fetus, and between immunology and reproduction. Three recent studies in mice have pr ...
Matings? Immunological Barrier to Interspecies During Pregnancy in
... ince Peter Medawar (1) first posed the problem of the fetus-as-allograft nearly 50 years ago, “Nature’s transplant” has provided a rich environment for theory and experimentation at the interfaces between mother and fetus, and between immunology and reproduction. Three recent studies in mice have pr ...
... ince Peter Medawar (1) first posed the problem of the fetus-as-allograft nearly 50 years ago, “Nature’s transplant” has provided a rich environment for theory and experimentation at the interfaces between mother and fetus, and between immunology and reproduction. Three recent studies in mice have pr ...
Metabolic syndrome: the danger signal in atherosclerosis
... expenditures and are an important source of human suffering (Hoffman et al 1996). Lifestyle modifications such as poor dietary patterns and physical inactivity are recent events in the human evolution and are responsible for the development of obesity, which has reached an epidemic proportion in Nor ...
... expenditures and are an important source of human suffering (Hoffman et al 1996). Lifestyle modifications such as poor dietary patterns and physical inactivity are recent events in the human evolution and are responsible for the development of obesity, which has reached an epidemic proportion in Nor ...
CHAPTER I
... disappointing results, with current misgivings about the safety of the BCG vaccine in this population [94,95]. There has also been contradictory evidence in the literature on the role of isoniazid chemoprophylaxis (IPT). A trial by Zar et al, demonstrated benefit of IPT, with statistically significa ...
... disappointing results, with current misgivings about the safety of the BCG vaccine in this population [94,95]. There has also been contradictory evidence in the literature on the role of isoniazid chemoprophylaxis (IPT). A trial by Zar et al, demonstrated benefit of IPT, with statistically significa ...
Pathogenic antibodies to coagulation factors. Part one: Factor VIII
... An operative paradigm in immunology is that the vertebrate immune system evolved to discriminate infectious non-self from non-infectious self [12]. This included the development of a specific, adaptive response to infection, which produced two problems. One is how to prevent death from an invading or ...
... An operative paradigm in immunology is that the vertebrate immune system evolved to discriminate infectious non-self from non-infectious self [12]. This included the development of a specific, adaptive response to infection, which produced two problems. One is how to prevent death from an invading or ...
INTERPLAY BETWEEN HELICOBACTER PYLORI AND THE
... immune response, whereas MHC class I restricted CD8 T cells are not essential. Further experiments showed the presence of IL-12 (36) and IL-18 (37) in the gastric mucosa. Both of these cytokines are responsible for directing gastric T lymphocytes to Th1 mediated response. Experimental data in animal ...
... immune response, whereas MHC class I restricted CD8 T cells are not essential. Further experiments showed the presence of IL-12 (36) and IL-18 (37) in the gastric mucosa. Both of these cytokines are responsible for directing gastric T lymphocytes to Th1 mediated response. Experimental data in animal ...
Rapid early innate control of hepatitis C virus during IFN
... to activate NK cells is a balance between activating receptors (e.g. NKG2D, NKp30, and NKp46) and inhibitory receptors (e.g., killer cell immunoglobulin like receptors (KIRs), NKG2A). The rapid pathogen-induced response of NK cells includes direct perforinmediated cytotoxicity and cytokine release [ ...
... to activate NK cells is a balance between activating receptors (e.g. NKG2D, NKp30, and NKp46) and inhibitory receptors (e.g., killer cell immunoglobulin like receptors (KIRs), NKG2A). The rapid pathogen-induced response of NK cells includes direct perforinmediated cytotoxicity and cytokine release [ ...
Immune system
The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity.Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer.Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.