The plasmacytoid dendritic cell: at the cross-roads in asthma
... pDCs and their known pattern recognition receptor systems pDCs are a relatively rare type of DC that reside predominantly in lymphoid tissues. Both human and murine pDCs express the surface antigen CD45RA and lack the myeloid marker CD11b, although subtle differences exist as human, but not murine, ...
... pDCs and their known pattern recognition receptor systems pDCs are a relatively rare type of DC that reside predominantly in lymphoid tissues. Both human and murine pDCs express the surface antigen CD45RA and lack the myeloid marker CD11b, although subtle differences exist as human, but not murine, ...
IMMUNOBIOLOGY B cells in early and chronic HIV infection
... immune system remains relatively intact. Frequencies for each B-cell subpopulation at 12 months after the initiation of effective ART were available on 16 early and 20 chronically HIV-infected individuals. In this set of analyses we looked for evidence of changes in the representation of B-cell subp ...
... immune system remains relatively intact. Frequencies for each B-cell subpopulation at 12 months after the initiation of effective ART were available on 16 early and 20 chronically HIV-infected individuals. In this set of analyses we looked for evidence of changes in the representation of B-cell subp ...
Lung inflammatory responses
... okines are small polypeptides that control adhesion, chemotaxis, and activation of leukocyte populations. While some chemokines are constitutively expressed, others are either up or downregulated in association with inflammation. Those chemokines active in inflammation are typically produced in resp ...
... okines are small polypeptides that control adhesion, chemotaxis, and activation of leukocyte populations. While some chemokines are constitutively expressed, others are either up or downregulated in association with inflammation. Those chemokines active in inflammation are typically produced in resp ...
Parasite-host relationship: a lesson from a professional killer
... modulated by the presence of PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) which interact with free or membrane-bound receptors called PRRs (pattern-recognizing receptors). These interactions lead to the activation of different cell-mediated and humoral effector immune processes. β-1,3-glucans. pro ...
... modulated by the presence of PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) which interact with free or membrane-bound receptors called PRRs (pattern-recognizing receptors). These interactions lead to the activation of different cell-mediated and humoral effector immune processes. β-1,3-glucans. pro ...
CURRICULUM VITAE - University of Oxford
... under the support of an MRC Senior Clinical Fellowship, I have focused on atopic skin disease. We have made several contributions, including the identification of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) in the skin of humans, and a further infiltration in eczematous lesions and after allergen challenge. ...
... under the support of an MRC Senior Clinical Fellowship, I have focused on atopic skin disease. We have made several contributions, including the identification of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) in the skin of humans, and a further infiltration in eczematous lesions and after allergen challenge. ...
Jennifer Orthmann-Murphey, M.D., Ph.D., Postdoctoral Fellow
... research grant from the National MS Society to investigate if increasing the oxygen concentration in the brain can help to prevent injury without causing additional damage. His team is also trying to improve ways to measure oxygen and injury in the brain. They are using two laboratory models that sh ...
... research grant from the National MS Society to investigate if increasing the oxygen concentration in the brain can help to prevent injury without causing additional damage. His team is also trying to improve ways to measure oxygen and injury in the brain. They are using two laboratory models that sh ...
Ianello A, Thompson TW, Ardolino M, Lowe SW, Raulet DH. 2013. p53-dependent chemokine production by senescent tumor cells supports NKG2D-dependent tumor elimination by natural killer cells. J Experimental Medicine 210(10):2057-69.
... performed at each time point. The data depict combined data from two independent experiments. (C) Rag2/ and Rag2/ Klrk1/ mice were injected subcutaneously with 2 × 106 liver tumor cells and treated as described in A. NK depletion and NKG2D blocking were performed in some groups by intraperiton ...
... performed at each time point. The data depict combined data from two independent experiments. (C) Rag2/ and Rag2/ Klrk1/ mice were injected subcutaneously with 2 × 106 liver tumor cells and treated as described in A. NK depletion and NKG2D blocking were performed in some groups by intraperiton ...
Human Lymphatic Filariasis Cells Is Associated with Clinical
... Identification of IL-9 and IL-10 coexpressing cells and their expansion following PPD and PMA/I stimulation To determine whether Th9 cells (defined as IL-9+, IL-10+, and IL-42) are present in normal individuals, we measured the frequency of these cells in a group of NL individuals at baseline and fo ...
... Identification of IL-9 and IL-10 coexpressing cells and their expansion following PPD and PMA/I stimulation To determine whether Th9 cells (defined as IL-9+, IL-10+, and IL-42) are present in normal individuals, we measured the frequency of these cells in a group of NL individuals at baseline and fo ...
Chronic Dry Eye Disease is Principally Mediated by Effector Memory
... indicated that DED is associated with a T cell-mediated immune response, as evidenced by increased infiltration of T cells in the conjunctiva4 and elevated levels of T cell cytokines, including IFN-γ21 and IL-1722 in the tears. However, it is not known whether this immune response is a cause or cons ...
... indicated that DED is associated with a T cell-mediated immune response, as evidenced by increased infiltration of T cells in the conjunctiva4 and elevated levels of T cell cytokines, including IFN-γ21 and IL-1722 in the tears. However, it is not known whether this immune response is a cause or cons ...
Abundance of Early Functional HIV-Specific CD8 T Cells Does Not
... peptides was detected using consensus sequences as well [36]. Although one could argue that different results might have been found if peptide pools derived from other proteins of HIV had been used, we think this is not very likely. An overwhelming amount of data has suggested that Gag-specific CD8+ ...
... peptides was detected using consensus sequences as well [36]. Although one could argue that different results might have been found if peptide pools derived from other proteins of HIV had been used, we think this is not very likely. An overwhelming amount of data has suggested that Gag-specific CD8+ ...
Immune memory in CD4+ CD45RA+ T cells
... This study addresses the question of whether human peripheral CD4+ CD45RA+ T cells possess antigen-specific immune memory. CD4+ CD45RA+ T cells were isolated by a combination of positive and negative selection. Putative CD4+ CD45RA+ cells expressed CD45RA (98·9%) and contained <0·1% CD4+ CD45RO+ and ...
... This study addresses the question of whether human peripheral CD4+ CD45RA+ T cells possess antigen-specific immune memory. CD4+ CD45RA+ T cells were isolated by a combination of positive and negative selection. Putative CD4+ CD45RA+ cells expressed CD45RA (98·9%) and contained <0·1% CD4+ CD45RO+ and ...
PDF Full-text
... efficacy. For example, the immune-stimulatory genes IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and pro-apoptotic genes such as tumor necrosis factor α, p53, and tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligands have been studied as therapeutic genes in d ...
... efficacy. For example, the immune-stimulatory genes IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and pro-apoptotic genes such as tumor necrosis factor α, p53, and tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligands have been studied as therapeutic genes in d ...
Antibody Engineering and Therapeutics 2016
... use. Jin-an-Jiao (SAb Biotherapeutics) will detail the development of trans-chromosomal cows with an ability to rapidly produce human polyclonal antibodies for the treatment of emergent infectious diseases such as those resulting from infection with Zika virus and MERS-CoV. After the break, Guanbo W ...
... use. Jin-an-Jiao (SAb Biotherapeutics) will detail the development of trans-chromosomal cows with an ability to rapidly produce human polyclonal antibodies for the treatment of emergent infectious diseases such as those resulting from infection with Zika virus and MERS-CoV. After the break, Guanbo W ...
Investigation of the humoral and cellular immune responses of
... The immune system in vertebrates consists of two related components: the innate and the adaptive immune system, which function together to protect the body against infections (MEDZHITOV et al., 2000). Because of the adaptive immune response being a time-consuming process, requiring weeks to be fully ...
... The immune system in vertebrates consists of two related components: the innate and the adaptive immune system, which function together to protect the body against infections (MEDZHITOV et al., 2000). Because of the adaptive immune response being a time-consuming process, requiring weeks to be fully ...
Full-Text PDF
... In contrast to the indirect recognition mechanism of the fly Toll, the mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs), are activated via direct binding to pathogen-associated molecules [9]. An oligomer complex similar to Drosophila MyD88, Tube and Pelle is utilized during mammalian TLR signaling: IRAK4 and IR ...
... In contrast to the indirect recognition mechanism of the fly Toll, the mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs), are activated via direct binding to pathogen-associated molecules [9]. An oligomer complex similar to Drosophila MyD88, Tube and Pelle is utilized during mammalian TLR signaling: IRAK4 and IR ...
Staphylococcus aureus infection induces protein A–mediated
... idiotype B cells. The effects of SpA during natural infection, however, have not been addressed. Acutely activated B cells, or plasmablasts (PBs), were analyzed to dissect the ongoing immune response to infection through the production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The B cells that were activated ...
... idiotype B cells. The effects of SpA during natural infection, however, have not been addressed. Acutely activated B cells, or plasmablasts (PBs), were analyzed to dissect the ongoing immune response to infection through the production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The B cells that were activated ...
a cohort study investigating autoantibody levels
... (Ermann and Fathman 760). Autoimmune diseases occur when the body’s immune system attacks its own organs, tissues, or cells due to an increase of autoantibody production or disruption in autoimmunity. Individuals afflicted with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus have ...
... (Ermann and Fathman 760). Autoimmune diseases occur when the body’s immune system attacks its own organs, tissues, or cells due to an increase of autoantibody production or disruption in autoimmunity. Individuals afflicted with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus have ...
Modulation of cellular innate immune responses by lactobacilli
... While innate immunity is a conserved reaction to invariant non-self products, adaptive immunity is based on expansion of B-lymphocyte and T-lymphocyte subsets leading to antibody production, macrophage activation, or direct cytotoxicity. Both arms of the immune system are important for controlling t ...
... While innate immunity is a conserved reaction to invariant non-self products, adaptive immunity is based on expansion of B-lymphocyte and T-lymphocyte subsets leading to antibody production, macrophage activation, or direct cytotoxicity. Both arms of the immune system are important for controlling t ...
Immune response to human papillomavirus after
... contrast, adaptive immunity, encompassing the humoral and the cell-mediated immune responses, generates pathogen-specific effector cell responses and provides pathogen-specific immunological memory, allowing a more rapid and vigorous response upon a second encounter with the same pathogen. Local inf ...
... contrast, adaptive immunity, encompassing the humoral and the cell-mediated immune responses, generates pathogen-specific effector cell responses and provides pathogen-specific immunological memory, allowing a more rapid and vigorous response upon a second encounter with the same pathogen. Local inf ...
A T R LTERNATIVE
... Oral tolerance can be induced by two major mechanisms: Bystander Suppression, and Clonal Anergy, depending on the dose of antigen that is presented (Figure 1). Throughout the small intestine there are patches of lymphoid tissue termed gutassociated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Within the GALT can be foun ...
... Oral tolerance can be induced by two major mechanisms: Bystander Suppression, and Clonal Anergy, depending on the dose of antigen that is presented (Figure 1). Throughout the small intestine there are patches of lymphoid tissue termed gutassociated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Within the GALT can be foun ...
The Systemic Inflammatory Response to Cardiac Surgery
... • The endothelium is intricately involved in both processes. ...
... • The endothelium is intricately involved in both processes. ...
Peer-reviewed Article PDF
... allergen and may weaken the allergic reaction [11]. T-cell epitopes, however, were not impaired in peptide allergens [12,13]. Reduction of the side effects from AIT using peptides may permit the use of high concentrations of antigens and shorten the treatment period. Conventional peptide immunothera ...
... allergen and may weaken the allergic reaction [11]. T-cell epitopes, however, were not impaired in peptide allergens [12,13]. Reduction of the side effects from AIT using peptides may permit the use of high concentrations of antigens and shorten the treatment period. Conventional peptide immunothera ...
Immune system
The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity.Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer.Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.